Despite uncertainties about the popular measures of media freedom, no systematic analyses have been undertaken of their development, of the assumptions that lie behind their different methodologies, of the reliability of the resultant measures, or of the consistency of conclusions across the different measures. This article examines four measures, by Freedom House, Reporters sans frontières, IREX and the Committee to Protect Journalists, and finds considerable consistency in the measurement. In addition, the Freedom House measure, which has been in existence for more than 20 years, varies in meaningful ways across time. The article examines the conceptual implications of these findings and offers suggestions for their use by researches in the future.
The authors explore how technology has altered the work processes and activities in news organizations. They show how story idea generation, research, sourcing, processing, packaging, and repurposing have changed and created needs for news skills and capabilities.
Enrollments in journalism and mass communication programs in the United States in the fall of 2013 were down from a year earlier for the third year in a row. Enrollments dropped at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels, and the number of freshmen and sophomores were down dramatically from a year earlier. Enrollments in the journalism specialty have dropped, and enrollments in advertising and public relations also have stagnated. While the overall field of communication also seems to be slowing in terms of growth, the subfield of journalism and mass communication has been particularly hard hit.Overall enrollments in journalism and mass communication programs declined in the autumn of 2013, marking the third year of lowered enrollments from the previous year. At the undergraduate level, enrollment dropped 1.0 percent from 2012, while enrollment in master's degree programs was down 1.2 percent, and enrollment at the doctoral level was down 7.1 percent.
Undergraduate enrollments in U.S. journalism and mass communication programs increased by 2.0% in the autumn of 2010, a reverse in a two-year slowdown, but perhaps temporary. Graduate level enrollments increased 6.3% in doctoral programs and a dramatic 13.4% in master's programs. JMC programs sent a record number of bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree recipients into the job market. Enrollment in the journalism specialization declined again, but it remains the largest in the field with about a quarter of students. Undergraduate enrollment of racial/ethnic minorities hit a new high point of 36.3%. Nine in ten of program administrators said they are dealing with big challenges, most commonly budgets/financing.
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