Reaktif boyarmaddeler pamuğun boyanmasında en yaygın kullanılan boyarmaddelerdir. Pamuklu kumaşların reaktif boyanması için yüksek miktarda kullanılan elektrolit kaçınılmaz olarak çevresel tehditler oluşturmaktadır. Kitosan üstün özelliklerinden dolayı tekstilde birçok alanda farklı amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sentetik polielektrolit poli(akrilik asidin sodyum tuzu) reaktif boyamada inorganik elektrolit sodyum klorür yerine kullanımı ve kitosanın kumaşın reaktif boyama davranışı üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca kumaşların yıkama haslıkları ve ultraviyole koruma faktörleri de gözlemlenmiştir. Boyamadan önce kitosan ile muamele ve boyamada sodyum klorür kullanımı konvansiyonel boyamalara göre renk derinliklerini arttırmış ve bu artış kitosan konsantrasyonundaki artışla devam etmiştir. Öyle ki, %8 konsantrasyonda kitosan uygulamasını takiben %2 konsantrasyonda yapılan boyamadan, %3 konvansiyonel boyamanın renk kuvvetine benzer değerler elde edilmiştir. Sodyum klorür konsantrasyon artışının renk derinliği üzerindeki etkisi polielektrolitten daha belirgin olarak gözlemlenmiştir. Poli (akrilik asidin sodyum tuzunun) pamuğun reaktif boyamasındaki çalışma prensibinin iyonlaşamaması, sıcaklık-konsantrasyon-pH duyarlılığı ve hidrofobik boya kombinasyonları oluşturması nedeniyle nispeten karmaşık olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca boyarmaddelerin farklı tuz duyarlılıklarının da elektrolitlerin etkisinde farklılık yaratmış olabileceği düşünülmüştür. Kitosan aplike edilen ve boyanan numunelerin yıkama haslıkları iyi-mükemmel seviyede iken, kitosan aplikasyonunda kullanılan çapraz bağlayıcının bu değerleri 0,5 puan kadar artırdığı görülmüştür. Boyarmaddelerin ultraviyole koruma faktörünü arttırmada kitosandan daha etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Available and clean water resources in the world are decreasing day by day. Textiles is one of the industries that are consuming the highest volumes of water. For this reason, it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly textile processes within the scope of sustainability. Reactive dyeing is followed by a washing process consisting of many steps to remove unfixed/hydrolyzed dyes, which is the most preferred dyeing in the coloring of cotton products. A high amount of water is consumed in these processes. In this study, an alternative washing process was developed instead of the conventional reactive washing process. The baths, which were decided to be used according to the transmittance values of the washing baths after dyeing in light, medium, and dark shades, were used again as the first two baths of the next washings. Alternative washing did not have a negative effect on the quality parameters, namely washing and rubbing fastnesses. As a result, it was observed that the last two baths of the washing cycle could be used as the first two baths of the next washing cycle. In this case, it was predicted that approximately 40%−50% water savings could be achieved.
In this study, we used the new nanobubbles technology to create a green reactive washing process for the textile industry, as one of the most polluting sectors where environmentally friendly process designs are indispensable to protect the environment. With this technology, the possibility of eliminating the soaping-off step from the reactive washing sequence was investigated. For the design of an environmentally friendly reactive washing process, the effects of increasing the process temperature of the soaping-off step as well as the use of oxygen-enriched NBs in all washing steps after reactive dyeing with three different dyes were investigated. The results were evaluated by comparing the color coordinates, strength, and fastness of dyed cotton towels washed according to the conventional and alternative processes as well as examining the absorbance and chemical oxygen demand values of the washing baths. Alternative washings did not cause significant differences in color coordinates, while the lowest color strength and highest fastness values were obtained after washing with nanobubbles. The absorbance graphs showed that the most colorful baths belonged to the first bath of the nanobubble washing regime. Chemical oxygen demand measurements revealed that the alternative washing systems were more environmentally friendly than the conventional ones. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that it was possible to implement more eco-friendly washing methods by eliminating the use of soap.
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