Use of optical traps for the manipulation of biological particles was recently proposed, and initial observations of laser trapping of bacteria and viruses with visible argon-laser light were reported. We report here the use of infrared (IR) light to make much improved laser traps with significantly less optical damage to a variety of living cells. Using IR light we have observed the reproduction of Escherichia coli within optical traps at power levels sufficient to give manipulation at velocities up to approximately 500 micron s-1. Reproduction of yeast cells by budding was also achieved in IR traps capable of manipulating individual cells and clumps of cells at velocities of approximately micron s-1. Damage-free trapping and manipulation of suspensions of red blood cells of humans and of organelles located within individual living cells of spirogyra was also achieved, largely as a result of the reduced absorption of haemoglobin and chlorophyll in the IR. Trapping of many types of small protozoa and manipulation of organelles within protozoa is also possible. The manipulative capabilities of optical techniques were exploited in experiments showing separation of individual bacteria from one sample and their introduction into another sample. Optical orientation of individual bacterial cells in space was also achieved using a pair of laser-beam traps. These new manipulative techniques using IR light are capable of producing large forces under damage-free conditions and improve the prospects for wider use of optical manipulation techniques in microbiology.

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Delayed neutron data of 235U, 238U and 239pU have been evaluated and recommended for JENDL-3.3. Adjustment of Vd was carried out on the basis of the {Jeff measurements at FCA, MASURCA and TCA using the JENDL-3.2 data as the initial guess. Through this adjustment the Vd value for 238U below 3.5 MeV was decreased by about 3 % from 0.0481 to 0.0466. The Vd values of 235U and 239pU were also determined in this way. Further appropriate six group constants, the decay constants Ai and the group yields ai, were determined from experimental data of the delayed neutron emission rates, which were collected and compiled by Spriggs through the SG6 activity of WPEC. Applicability of the resultant group constants was validated through the analyses of the reactivity measurements based on the period or the rod-drop methods.