Background: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has caused serious implications and has received a lot of international attention, especially in public health sector. The main strategy for containing the COVID-19 pandemic includes preventive methods such as wearing masks, which requires individual awareness and initiative to adhere to the protocol. This study described the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices towards the COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduate students who were selected due to their high mobility and rate of activity.Methods: This study used a descriptive design and a cross-sectional approach, conducted from October to November 2020. Undergraduate students from all faculties of Universitas Padjadjaran Year 2017– 2019 were invited to participate, using an online questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices towards the COVID 19 pandemic. The result was given numeric values and scored. The mean value of the scores was used as a reference value to describe the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices.Results: From a total of 483 students, 99.5% had good knowledge, 87.9% had good attitude, and 67% had a good practices towards COVID-19.Conclusions: The overall levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among undergraduate students are good, as well as the adherence to government health protocols and initiatives in seeking information regarding COVID-19. Several specific areas such as transmission through dead bodies, exercise and vitamin supplementation, and anxiety when reading information about COVID-19 are areas of interest for the improvement of education.
AbstrakToksisitas oral akut merupakan efek samping yang terjadi dalam waktu singkat melalui pemberian tunggal per oral ataupun dengan dosis berulang dalam waktu 24 jam dan dapat terjadi pada setiap organ tubuh. Traktus gastrointestinal sangat potensial terhadap paparan agen toksik yang tampak sebagai gambaran erosi dan tukak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental uji toksisitas akut per oral dan dilakukan di laboratorium Farmakologi Klinik RS Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung pada bulan Juli-September 2009. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui toksisitas akut ekstrak etanol daun dewa terhadap lambung dengan menghitung indeks tukak ekstrak etanol daun dewa (Gynura pseudochina (Lour.) DC) pada tikus galur Wistar. Untuk mengatasi dampak negatif, tindakan penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan 3R (reduction, refinement, dan replacement). Indeks tukak dinilai dengan menentukan jumlah dan diameter tukak melalui pembedahan hewan coba pada hari ke-15 dan dilakukan pemeriksaan secara mikroskopis dengan penilaian histopatologi. Data dianalisis dengan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov yang dilanjutkan dengan one sample t-test pada Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows versi 13.0 pada derajat kepercayaan 95%. Indeks tukak antar kelompok tikus jantan dan betina menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok ekstrak etanol dosis >1,625 g/ kgBB (p<0,05). Simpulan, pemberian ekstrak etanol daun dewa pada tikus galur Wistar menyebabkan tukak lambung pada dosis >1,625 g/kgBB. [MKB. 2012;44(1):38-43]. Kata kunci: Gynura pseudochina (Lour.) DC, indeks tukak, toksisitas oral akut Acute Oral Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Dewa Leaf (Gynura pseudochina (Lour.) DC) to Male and Female Wistar Rats' Gaster Mucosa AbstractAcute oral toxicity is the adverse effects occurring within a short time of oral administration of a single dose of a substance or multiple doses given within 24 hours through body's organs. Gastrointestinal tract potentially influenced by toxic materials exposure, shown as gastric erosion and ulcer. This is an acute oral toxicity experimental research, held in Pharmacology laboratorium of Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital on July-September 2009. This research aims to determine ethanol extract of Dewa leaf acute toxicity to gaster by measuring ulcer index of ethanol extract of Dewa leaf (Gynura pseudochina (Lour.) DC) in Wistar rats. This research approached with 3R (reduction, refinement and replacement) to overcome negative impact. Ulcer index determined by ulcer's quantity and diameter due to rats necropsy at 15 th day, and histopathology examined. The results are statistically analyzed using KolmogorovSmirnov test and then continued with one sample T-test on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows version 13.0, at 95% confidence interval level. Ulcer index significantly different between control group and ethanol extract of Dewa leaf group dose >1.625 g/kgBB (p<0.05). In conclusion, ethanol extract of Dewa leaf on Wistar rats cause gastric ulcer at d...
Background: Pneumonia is an infection with the highest mortality rate in Indonesian hospitals. According to The American Thoracic Society and The Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA), empirical use of antibiotics is still effective for pneumonia treatment. Inappropriate use of antibiotics would cause negative effects such as prolonged hospitalization, a high cost of treatment, and increased antibioticresistant bacteria. The goal of this study was to clarify the empirical use of antibiotic conformity with a bacteria culture. Methods: This study was conducted from August to October 2013 using a descriptive retrospective method based on 116 medical records of pneumonia patients hospitalized in Melati Ward, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung during 2011-2012. The type of bacteria, conformity with antibiotics given to patients, and type of antibiotics were analyzed. The conformity of antibiotics was assessed based on the resistance test. If the results were sensitive, they would be put in the conforming group and in the non-conforming group if the results were resistant or intermediate. Data was derived with descriptive statistics, using percentage and frequency distribution, illustrated in tables and figures. Results: Based on culture results and sensitivity of antibiotic empirical therapy given, 55.17% cases were conformed. The most widely used antibiotic group was Third-generation Cephalosporin (60.34%). The most common bacterias were Klebsiella pneumonia (34.5%) and Acinetobacter baumanni (13.8%). Conclusions: Most of the antibiotics given to pneumonia patients are still appropriate with results of the bacteria culture test and resistance test.
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