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In this chapter, we provide a thorough discussion on Digital Earth with particular focus on Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS), which are a standardized representation of the Earth. We describe the necessary components of a DGGS, such as the underlying 2D representation, indexing system, projection, and cell types. We also discuss a selection of well-known public and commercial DGGSs followed by current DGGS standards. Keywords Discrete Global Grid • OGC Standard • Digital Earth 2.1 Introduction Digital Earth is a framework for geospatial data management. In this model, data are assigned to locations on a 3D model of the Earth and analyzed at multiple resolutions, each representing data at a specific level of detail. To locate and retrieve data sets associated with the Earth, mechanisms are needed for data representation, region addressing, and the assignment and retrieval of data for a region of interest. Digital Earth provides a reference model that can handle all of these queries.

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Digital Earth frameworks deal with data sets of different types collected from various sources. To effectively store, retrieve, and transmit these data sets, efficient multi-scale data representations that are compatible with the underlying structure of the Digital Earth framework are required. In this article, we describe several such techniques and their properties: namely, how to represent data in the multi-scale cell hierarchy of a discrete global grid system (DGGS) or in the multi-scale hierarchy of a customized wavelet transform. We also discuss how these techniques can be tuned to be applicable to the A3H DGGS.

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This Special Issue is dedicated to research papers on topics related to global grid systems, from their geometric foundations to their cutting-edge applications [...]