Objective: Indonesia is an archipelagic country with a mega biodiversity, among others, in the marine area. Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) are a marine fish known to have biocompounds used in traditional medicine “Jamu,” such as Hippocampus comes L. (HCL). The present study aims to analyze and compare the chemical contents of cultured seahorse (CS) and natural seahorse (NS) extracts. Materials and Methods: The CS and NS were identified morphometrically. After freeze-drying, the seahorses were ground into powder with a grinder. The seahorse powder was extracted with ethanol and a water solvent. The extract contained biocompounds, proximate, amino acids, and steroids with high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The study found unique characteristics of HCL. The highest yield was obtained in NS using a water solvent (18.6%). The biocompounds in seahorses consist of alkaloids and triterpenoids. The highest proximate of water content (11.03%) and ash content (42.50%) was found in NS. In addition, other compounds were also detected in CS, such as fat (7.48%) and protein (47.67%). Both of HCL’s different sources had all essential and nonessential amino acids in which the highest concentration were in NS, i.e., L-arginine (56,537.22 mg/kg), L-lysine (17,794.17), glycine (113,649.80 mg/kg), L-proline (47,056.15), and L-alanine (43,451.81). The analysis of the steroid compound of the extract suggested the presence of steroid glycosides. Conclusion: The highest yield of the seahorse extract with a water solvent is about 18.6% and protein content of 47.67% in CS. The crude extract has alkaloids, triterpenoids, and glycine (113,649.80 mg/kg) in NS with water, suggesting the presence of steroid glycosides.
Thirthy adult male Spraque Dawley (SD) rats (200-250 g), 8 weeks old from Center for drug and food control, Indonesia. The rats were husbandary with ABSTRACT Seahorse (Hippocampus spp) is marine fish and have pharmacological activity, such as an antiinflammatory, antioxidative, antifatigue and improve the fertility. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraception drug for male and affect the endocrine system by inhibiting pituitary gonadotropin with reduce testosterone levels in 12 weeks. There are limited studies reported the effects seahorse extract (SE) on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay in rats induced by DMPA. Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats that were induced by 1.25mg/kgbw DMPA in 0 and 12 weeks. The animals were randomly into five groups, following: aquadest (G1), CMC 1% (G2), SE dose of 150 mg/kgbw (G3), SE dose of 225 mg/kgbw (G4), SE dose of 300 mg/kgbw (G5). The rats were gavage every day from seven until week eighteen. On the last week, we taken the right and left testis to observed the apoptotic on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay. Apoptotic marker was observed through immunohistochemistry from testicular tissue and analysed with plugin ImageJ IHC profiler, which is H-score as the results. Data were analysed using One-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc tests. The SE decrease the Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay expression in rats induced by DMPA until eighteen weeks, with dose 150 mg/kgbw given the significant difference with p=0.028; <0.05 and p=0.000; <0.01. These results suggest that SE decreased germ cells apoptotic in DMPA induced rats.
Down Syndrome merupakan penyebab umum dari 25-30 % retardasi mental di dunia. merupakan suatukelainan genetik dimana adanya kromosom abnormal pada kromosom autosom nomor 21. Studisitogenik menunjukkan bahwa 94% dari kasus Down Syndrome adalah trisomi disebabkannondisjunction, 3,5% translokasi dan 2,55 mosaik. Nondisjunction sering terjadi pada kelahiran bayidari ibu dengan usia ? 35 tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi jumlah anakdengan Down Syndrome pada dua kelompok usia ibu di YPAC Palembang. Jenis penelitian adalahdeskriptif analitik. Sampel pada penelitian seluruh anak penderita Down Syndrome di YPACPalembang. Data penelitian didapatkan data primer dari kuisioner dan check list sedangkan datasekunder berdasarkan rekam medik dan data kesiswaan di YPAC Pelembang. Hasil penelitiandidapatkan dari 33 orang ibu yang memiliki anak Down Syndrome didapatkan 20 ibu (61%) yanghamil dengan usia <35 tahun dan 13 orang (39%) yang hamil pada usia ?35 tahun. Faktor resiko laindidapatkan hasil untuk faktor genetik 6 orang (18%) yang memiliki riwayat keluarga Down Syndromeyang merupakan kelompok ibu yang berusia <35 tahun saat kehamilan berlangsung, faktor resiko usiaayah ? 35 tahun saat ibu hamil 16 orang (48%) dan 17(52%) yang berusia <35. usia ayah ?35 yangberkorelasi dengan kelompok usia ibu ?35 sebanyak 13 orang, faktor infeksi didapatkan tiga orang(9%) dan termasuk dalam kelompok usia ibu <35 tahun yang mengalami infeksi saat kehamilanberlangsung, sedangkan untuk faktor radiasi didapatkan 33 orang tidak didapati adanya pengaruhradiasi saat kehamilan berlangsung.
Objective: The percentage of infertility cases in this world is about 50%. Seahorses ( Hippocampus spp.) are widely used in traditional medicine. Several studies suggest that seahorses have ethnopharmacological characteristics, such as fertility, antioxidants, and antifatigue. The purpose of this study was to determine whether seahorse extract (SE) ( Hippocampus comes L.) has an effect on fertility and serum biochemistry in rats induced by depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Materials and Methods: All animals were induced with 1.25 mg/kg BW of DMPA. Animals were grouped into five groups: namely aquadest, 1% CMC, and SE doses of 150, 225, and 300 mg/kg BW. The rats were gavage every morning from week 7 until 18. At the end of our study, semen from the vas deferens and blood from the heart were analyzed. We analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s post hoc tests (α 95%). Results: The concentration of spermatozoa had a significant difference in dose of 150 mg/kg BW compared to other groups ( p = 0.04). In contrast, the motility ( p = 0.012) and viability of spermatozoa ( p = 0.007) were highly significant differences ( p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) at 300 mg/kg BW. Testosterone levels were not significantly ( p = 0.162; p > 0.05), but tended to increase at 300 mg/kg BW (11.01%). Nevertheless, serum biochemistry was insignificant ( p > 0.05) in all groups. Conclusion: SE ( Hippocampus comes L.) ameliorates fertility and serum biochemistry in rats induced by DMPA.
Background: Student’s cognitive ability could be assessed using MCQ. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of MCQ as an assessment method in Medical Faculty of Muhammadiyah University Palembang. Method: This study was designed as a cross sectional descriptive observational study. Sample was MCQ assessment in Genetics and Molecular Biology Module for academic year 2013/2014 until 2015/2016 for total 299 questions. Item analysis was done manually.Results: The item analysis showed that 61.2% questions were recall-type question. This situation showed that the construction of the question was not good and only testing the lower cognitive area. There was 45.2% ideal question with 30-70% difficulty index and 23.1% questions whom distractor efficiency was 100%. Half of the questions (56.2%) should be revised. This revision-needed questions distributed equally into easy, ideal, and hard level of difficulty. Revision-needed questions had lower distractor efficiency mean compared to good questions. Conclusion: MCQ as an assessment method do not reach maximum target yet because there were many questions that should be revised. Faculty should enhance the development of the lecturer in writing the good MCQs.
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