The prevalence of twenty traumatic events and negative life events in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was studied in a Faroese total-population sample of 687 eighth-grade students with a mean age of 14.2 years. Ninety-four percent of the females and 89% of the males were directly exposed to or had witnessed at least one traumatic event or a negative life event. The odds ratios for PTSD after direct and indirect exposure to specific events are described. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 20%, whereas another 14% reached a subclinical level of PTSD. After exposure, females had PTSD more than twice as often as males. Being exposed to multiple traumatic events, living with a single parent, and having experienced a traumatic event or a negative life event within the last year were all associated with PTSD and its subscales.

SUMMARY. We have investigated effects of altered extracellular sodium, intracellular sodium concentration, and membrane potential on the contractile responses of rat isolated mesenteric small arteries (internal diameter ca. 200 fim), when mounted as ring preparations on an isometric myograph. To avoid possible neural effects, all vessels were denervated in vitro using 6-hydroxydopamine. In unstimulated vessels, exposure to low-Na + solutions (25 mM sodium, sucrose, or choline-subsrituted) did not cause any response nor did exposure to ouabain (1 mM) for 1 hour [when intracellular sodium concentration increased to 64 mmol/(liter-cell)]. However, a response was obtained if ouabain-exposed vessels were subjected to low-sodium solutions (ca. 15% of maximal response). The magnitude of the response was dependent on the ratio of intracellular to extracellular sodium and was not inhibitable by the calcium blockers, felodipine (1 nM) or D600 (10 MM). This response could therefore be explained in terms of a Na-Ca exchange mechanism. The responses of activated vessels to ouabain and to low-sodium solutions were also investigated. The responses of vessels to submaximal doses of noradrenaline or potassium were potentiated acutely by ouabain (by 10-30% of the maximal response), even if the extracellular sodium was reduced to 25 mM. In all cases, the potentiation by ouabain was accompanied by a depolarization (3-12 mV). However, only in the case of noradrenaline-activated vessels with normal extracellular sodium was the potentiation accompanied by an increase in intracellular sodium [by ca. 7 mmol/(liter-cell)]. Moreover, the latter response was inhibited by felodipine and D600. The results suggest that Na-Ca exchange mechanisms may be present in these vessels but that they only play a role under extreme conditions; under normal conditions the effect of ouabain on activated vessels seems to be primarily due to its depolarizing effect, and not to its effect on intracellular sodium. (CircRes 54:740-749, 1984)

ResumeI denne artikel introduceres forskningstraditionen Design Based Research. Artiklen praesenterer de grundlaeggende antagelser, som ligger til grund for Design Based Research, og artiklen diskuterer principper for gennemførelse af et DBR-forskningsprojekt. Med udgangspunkt i forsknings-og udviklingsprojektet ELYK: E-laering, Yderområder og Klyngedannelse, praesenteres den innovationsmodel, som projektet har udviklet med udgangspunkt i Design Based Research traditionen. ELYKs DBR innovationsmodel har vist sig effektiv i forhold til projektfremdrift, brugerinvolvering og vidensgenerering, og den vil kunne inspirere andre med interesse i forskningsbaseret udvikling af didaktisk design, der er medieret af digitale teknologier. AbstractIn this article the research methodology Design Based Research is introduced. The article presents the fundamental assumptions of Design Based Research and discusses the principles that guide the implementation of a DBR research project. Based on the research and development project ELYK: E-learning, Rural Areas and Clustering, an innovation model, which has been developed from Design Based Research principles, is presented. The DBR innovation model of ELYK has shown itself effective in assuring momentum, user

This paper sets out to explore the significance of the production, sale and consumption of clothing as a product service system rather than as the more familiar 'shop-window' product offered for individual sale. While there are a number of studies of occupational clothing systems, relatively little is known about clothing systems tailored for the private market. This article presents a case study of a recently launched subscription service for baby clothing, which offered a range of eco-certified garments for rent as more or less complete wardrobes. Drawing on fashion scholar Kate Fletcher's (2012) concept of "techniques and processes of use" and on Actor-Network Theory, the study follows the company from its tentative beginnings through its first year in a process that provided an opportunity to study a clothing system "in the making." Particular interest is paid to how the leasing system and product design features are mutually constitutive and to how the system interconnects with practices of use and maintenance among subscribers with a special interest in laundry regimes and durability. Taking this empirical example as its point of departure, the article concludes with a discussion of how product qualities and processes of use are intertwined and co-constructed.

1.We have examined effects of inhibition of Na+,K+-dependent ATPase in large and small arterial ring preparations from rats and guinea pigs.2. Ouabain (1 mmol/l) caused myogenic contraction of rat aorta and tail artery, but had no long-lasting effect on 150 pm mesenteric and 150 pm femoral resistance vessels over a 3 h period. Much lower concentrations of ouabain (1 pmol/l) caused contraction of guinea pig aorta, but had no effect on the mesenteric and femoral resistance vessels.3. In the mesenteric resistance vessels, ouabain (1 mmol/l, rat vessels; 1 pmol/l, guinea pig vessels) caused the intracellular sodium content to rise over 2 h from approx. 13 mmol/l to approx. 60 mmol/l, and in the rat mesenteric resistance vessels this was associated with membrane depolarization from approx. -54 mV to approx. -30 mV after 3 h.4. The results suggest that whereas Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition and consequent raised intracellular sodium may cause contraction of large vessels, this does not seem to be the case for small vessels. It therefore seems that further investigation is required before it is accepted that raised intracellular sodium is in itself a factor of importance in the etiology of hypertension.

We have measured the relaxation of rat mesenteric small arteries (internal diameter ca. 200 µm) from a potassium contracture under conditions where the transplasmalemmal sodium gradient was altered. Adjustment of the sodium gradient was made either by exposing vessels to ouabain (1 mM) for different periods to vary the intracellular sodium concentration (Na_i), or by varying the sodium concentrations of the relaxation solutions (Na_o). Under normal conditions (where we have previously shown Na_i is about 19 mM), vessels relaxed completely within 1 min in low sodium solutions (Na_o = 25 mM) using either sucrose, choline-Cl or MgCl₂ as substitutes. However, the relaxation (measured after 1 min) was reduced when sucrose substitution was used, and further experiments were made using this substitute. Here it was found that exposing vessels to ouabain, for example 90 min (thus increasing Nai to about 73 mM) and then performing the relaxation in a low sodium solution gave only about 50% relaxation after 1 min. Experiments with intermediate sodium concentrations in the relaxation medium showed that reduction to 100 mM had no significant effect on the relaxation, and that it was only below 50 mM that effects were most marked. The effects of altered sodium gradient were eliminated if the calcium concentration of the relaxation medium was zero. The results indicate that under normal physiological conditions, small changes in sodium gradient have little effect on calcium metabolism of rat mesenteric small arteries, but also that under extreme conditions net calcium extrusion does appear to be reduced by a reduced sodium gradient.

Studies of possible variables influencing development of posttraumatic stress (PTSD) are of great importance in the effort to enhance preventive and interventional methods in the aim to prevail this devastating condition. Despite the vast research in adults, little is still known of adolescents. Although research is scarce, attachment style has been identified to be an influencing factor in adults, and still research in adolescent is almost non-existent. To our knowledge, no prior study has been conducted, looking at the relationship between attachment style, exposure to a broad range of potentially traumatic events, and subsequent PTSD symptoms in a cross cultural perspective. This is the aim of the present study. Procedure: Data was collected from questionnaire surveys of 1283 adolescents (mean age 14.1 years). Measures: PTSD was measured with The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-Part IV (HTQ); and attachment style was studied using the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS). Potentially traumatic events were examined using a broad event list of 19 events. Results: Contrary to what was expected, significant cross cultural differences were found in the distribution of securely, preoccupied, and dismissive attached. Around half of the Faroese population was securely attached, contrary to the Danish and Icelandic population, where the majority was dismissive attached. Cross cultural differences were also found in the distribution of attachment style among those adolescents with PTSD. The majority of the Danish adolescent population with PTSD was dismissive attached; the majority of the Faroese adolescent population with PTSD was securely attached, and in the Icelandic adolescents with PTSD were distributed somewhat even between the four attachment styles. Finally, cross cultural differences were identified in which potentially traumatic events had a significant contribution to the variation in PTSD. The results are discussed and clinical recommendations are presented.

The major part of this issue of Fashion Practice derives from a selection of the papers presented at the conference on the emerging topic of "fashion thinking" that took place at the University of Southern Denmark in 2014. These papers were selected following a call for papers and double blind peer review process. The editorial summary by the conference organisers, and guest editors of this special themed issue, provides the full context for this publication. We would like to thank Trine Brun Petersen, Maria Mackinney-Valentin and Marie Riegels Melchior for their work in preparing this edition of Fashion Practice. In addition, as general editors we have included two further Editorial 2 manuscripts that relate directly to the themes and topics emerging from the Fashion Thinking conference: a paper by Yinqing Zhang and Oskar Jhulin looking at fashion thinking in relation to mobile phone design, and a commentary by Kevin Almond on the role and status of pattern cutting practices within fashion research, complementing his coauthored paper from the conference (with Steve Swindells) "Sculptural Thinking in Fashion". We believe the articles in this issue contribute to some creative rethinking about fashion.