<p><em>Abstract </em>- <strong>Benzene and toluene can cause contamination in environments. Utilization of microorganism to degrade these compounds could be favorable approach to discover a convenient biodegradation agent. Fungi have an important role in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of benzene and toluene degrading molds <em>Aspergillus niger </em>and<em> Phanerochaete chrysosporium</em>. These molds were selected to check the Lignin Peroxidase (LiPs) activity and formulate the medium conditions for improving degradation process. Optimization of medium conditions (pH and nutrient concentrations) for benzene and toluene degradation was applied under <em>in vitro </em>conditions. Molds were grown in sawdust media with pH settings (4, 5, 6 and 7) and nutrients (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) followed by the addition of benzene and toluene. The percentage of degradation was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC). The optimal degradation conditions of benzene and toluene by <em>A. niger </em>were at pH 6 with nutrient concentration of 75%, while <em>P. chrysosporium </em>at pH 7 with nutrient concentration of 25%. All samples that had been polluted by benzene and toluene did not show LiPs activity, however non polluted samples showed LiPs activity 0,528 U/ml in <em>A. niger </em>and 0,275 U/mL in <em>P. chrysosporium.</em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong>- <em>Aspergillus niger, Benzene, Biodegradation, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Toluene</em>.</p>
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas enzim selulase dan produksi glukosa dalam substrat jerami padi dengan fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapari sinar gamma Chamber 4000A. Kaldu kentang dektrosa (PDB), garam mineral dengan substrat jerami padi 0 dan 5% berat/volum digunakan sebagai medium cair. Fungi Aspergillus niger dalam media agar miring (slent) dipapari dengan iradiasi gamma pada dosis 0 (kontrol),125, 250, 375, 500 dan 625 Gy. Fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapari sinar gamma 500 Gy memiliki aktivitas selulase lebih tinggi (2,5 kali) dibanding kontrol (0 Gy) yaitu 2,02 U/ml-2,28 U/ml untuk fungi yang dipapari iradiasi gamma dan 0,60 U/ml-1,12 U/ml untuk kontrol. Pada fermentasi fase padat substrat jerami padi dengan kadar kelembaban awal 81% selama 14 hari menggunakan fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapari sinar gamma 500 Gy dan kontrol. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa fungi Aspergillus niger 500 Gy memiliki aktivitas selulase lebih tinggi (3,9 kali) dibandingkan kontrol yaitu 31,01 U/g untuk fungi yang dipapari sinar gamma dan 7,85 U/g untuk kontrol. Di samping itu, fungi Aspergillus niger (500 Gy) mampu memproduksi glukosa lebih tinggi (2,6 kali) yaitu 125,79 mg/g sedangkan kontrol (0 Gy) adalah 48,00 mg/g. Penggunaan ekstrak enzim kasar yang dihasilkan oleh fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapar sinar gamma 500 Gy sesuai untuk hidrolisis substrat jerami padi dalam memproduksi glukosa serta mampu meningkatkan aktivitas selulase. Kata kunci : Aspergillus niger, iradiasi gamma, aktivitas selulase, glukosa, fermentasi padat
Abstrak Biomassa lignoselulosa yang merupakan limbah pemanenan kayu harus dilakukan proses untuk memisahkan selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin sehingga dapat termanfaatkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas inokulan fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium iradiasi gamma dan pretreatment kimia terhadap percepatan delignifikasi serbuk kayu jati putih (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan dalam proses pulping. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pretreatment substrat kayu jati putih (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) menggunakan larutan NaOH 1% dan H2SO4 1% serta iradiasi gamma Co-60, yang mempunyai daya ionisasi kecil, daya tembus yang tinggi serta Co-60 dapat memancarkan sinar gamma dengan waktu paruh pendek. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap, tahap pertama penentuan dosis optimum iradiasi gamma terhadap fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium (0 Gy, 200 Gy, 400 Gy, 600 Gy, 800 Gy, dan 1000 Gy) dan tahap kedua analisis karakteristik substrat kayu jati putih yang telah di pretreatment dengan metode Solid State Fermentation (SSF) selama 21 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis optimum pemberian iradiasi gamma pada fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium yaitu pada dosis 600 Gy yang dapat meningkatkan aktivitas enzim lignin peroksidase (LiP) sebesar 22.18 U/mL. Proses pretreatment kimia dengan menggunakan H2SO4 1% dapat mempercepat proses biodelignifikasi yang menghasilkan efisiensi degradasi lignin tertinggi yaitu sebesar 25.65%. Kata kunci: Lignoselulosa, delignifikasi, Solid State Fermentation (SSF), Phanerochaete chrysosporium,iradiasi gamma. Abstract Lignocellulose biomass is waste wood harvesting should be a process for separating cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin that can be utilized. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the inoculant fungi Phanerochaete chrysosphorium gamma irradiation and chemical pretreatment to accelerate delignification powder white teak (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). In this research, pretreatment of substrate wood white teak (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Using a solution of NaOH 1% and H2SO4 1% and gamma-ray irradiation Co-60, have the power of ionization is small, high penetrating power, and Co-60 which can emit gamma rays a short half-life time. This research was conducted in two stages, the first stage of determining the optimum dose gamma irradiation for fungi Phanerochaete chrysosphorium (0 Gy, 200 Gy, 400 Gy, 600 Gy, 800 Gy, and 1000 Gy) and the second stage of the analysis of the characteristics of the substrate wood white teak has been in pretreatment by methode Solid State Fermentation (SSF) for 21 days. The results showed that the optimum dose administration of gamma irradiation on fungi Phanerochaete chrysosphorium is a dose of 600 Gy which can increase the activity of enzymes lignin peroxidase (LiP) amounted to 22.18 U / mL. Chemical pretreatment process using H2SO4 1% biodelignification can accelerate the process of lignin degradation that produces the highest efficiency of 25.65%. Keywords: Lignocellulose, delignification, Solid State Fermentation (SSF), Phanerochaete chrysosporium, gamma irradiation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v0i0.3079
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