This study aimed to assess the effect of age on semen freezability (sperms motility before freezing, post-thawing, recovery rate, and straws production per ejaculate) of swamp buffalo bull kept in Lembang Artificial Insemination Center. A total of 115 ejaculates collected from one swamp buffalo bull at 5, 6 and 7 years old were included in the study. The results showed that the overall mean values of sperms motility before freezing, post-thawing, recovery rate, and straws production per ejaculate of swamp buffalo bull were 62.13%, 43.61%, 62.16%, and 114.16 doses, respectively. The age of bull did not show significant (P>0.05) effect on sperms motility before freezing, however the sperms motility post-thawing, recovery rate, and straws production per ejaculate was influenced (P<0.01) by bull age. At seven years old, the poorest (P<0.01) post-thawing sperms motility and recovery rate were noted in comparison to 5 and 6 years old, nevertheless the difference in post-thawing sperms motility was only less than 3% point, which was not biologically important. On the other hand, the semen collection at seven years old had a higher (P<0.01) straws production per ejaculate than those at 5 and 6 years old (133.70 vs. 106.39 and 90.61 doses, respectively). In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the semen freezability of swamp buffalo bull is varied among the age with the peak frozen semen production was achieved at seven years old.

The success of artificial insemination highly depends on the semen quality, in which it may significantly associate with the environmental factor. However, the information regarding the seasonal effects on semen quality of Pasundan bulls is still scarce. This study aimed to examine seasonal variation in semen quality of Pasundan bulls in their native environment. A total of 203 ejaculates produced by two Pasundan bulls aged at four years old were used in this study. The bulls were kept under standard management conditions in Lembang Artificial Insemination Center. The results showed that mean values of semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, individual sperm motility, post-thawing sperm motility and frozen semen production of Pasundan bulls were 5.7 mL, 1.17 billion/ml, 6.57 billion/ejaculate, 62.1,0 40.6 and 272% doses/ejaculate, respectively. Semen volume, individual sperm motility and post-thawing sperm motility were not affected by different seasons (P>0.05). Whereas, the significant reduction of sperm concentration (P<0.05), total sperm number (P<0.01) and frozen semen production (P<0.01) were observed in the dry season as compared to the rainy season. The minor change in ambient temperature, maximum ambient temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index were detected between seasons. On the other hand, about 52% greater sunshine duration was detected in the dry season compared to the rainy season. In conclusion, the semen quality of Pasundan bulls is reduced during the dry season, which is considerably associated with the increase in sunshine duration.

This study was carried out to evaluate the seasonal variation on semen characteristics of Murrah buffalo bulls in Indonesia. A total of three Murrah buffalo bulls were included in this study. The semen was collected once a week during the rainy season (from January to April and from October to December) and the dry season (from May to September). Immediately after collection, the semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm output, individual motility, post-thawing motility, and straw production were evaluated. The results showed that the season did not change (P0.05) the semen volume, individual motility, and post-thawing motility. However, sperm concentration, total sperm output, and straw production were decreased in the dry season (P0.05) as compared to the rainy season. In conclusion, several semen characteristics of Murrah buffalo bulls may vary depending on the season of collection. The semen collection during the rainy season is more profitable than the dry season.

Semen quality is a critical point to ensure the success of the artificial insemination program. One factor which highly determine the semen quality of bulls is climatic conditions. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between climatic factors and fresh semen quality parameters in Madura bulls. A total of 1583 ejaculates which were collected from 5 Madura bulls from January 2014 to December 2018 were included in this study. Semen quality parameters such as semen Volume (VOL), sperm Concentration (CONC), Total sperm (TOT), sperm Motility (MOT) and Straw production (STR) were directly evaluated upon collection and then correlated with climate factors such as mean and maximum ambient temperature (ATmean and ATmax, respectively), Relative Humidity (RH) and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). The results demonstrated that the month of semen collection had no effect (P>0.05) on VOL, CONC and TOT. However, MOT and STR were differed (P<0.05) among semen collection time, with the peak value was observed in March. Among climatic variables studied here, AT max was the most sensitive factor associated with sperm quality parameters. ATmax value at the same month as semen collection had negative significant correlation (P<0.05) with TOT and STR, while at one and two months before semen collection was consistently had negative significant correlation (P<0.01) with CONC, TOT and STR. It could be concluded that the maximum ambient temperature is the most responsible climatic factor affecting loss of straw production in Madura bulls.

This study investigated the influences of rainy and dry seasons on semen characteristics of fat-tailed and Garut rams under tropical conditions. A total of 4 healthy rams (2 fat-tailed rams and 2 Garut rams) aged 3 to 4 years old were used in this study. The semen was collected from each ram during November 2016 to February 2017 (rainy season) and May to August 2017 (dry season). The measurement of semen characteristics including semen volume (SV), sperm concentration (SpC), total sperm (TSp), individual sperm motility (ISM), post-thawing sperm motility (PTSM), and frozen semen production (FSP). The rainy season resulted higher SV (P= 0.021), TSp (P= 0.005), ISM (P= 0.028), and FSP (P= 0.005) than the dry season. On the other hand, fat-tailed rams had higher (P0.001) SV, TSp, and FSP compared to Garut rams. There was no interaction (P0.05) between season and breed on all semen characteristic parameters found in the present study. It can be concluded that the semen collection during the rainy season had a beneficial impact to produce high-quality semen for artificial insemination program than in the dry season. Fat-tailed rams have better semen characteristics compared to Garut rams.

Madura bulls are Indonesian germplasm with a very high capacity to adapt to dry environments. Madura bulls come from a crossbreed between Zebu (Bos indicus) and banteng (Bos javanicus). One of the breeding strategies of Madura cattle is the use of artificial insemination (AI) with frozen semen. Regarding sperm motility as one of the standard parameters of good semen quality, it is good to know the reliability of sperm motility with the bull fertility rate. This study aimed to determine the conception rate percentage (%CR) relation to sperm motility in Superior Madura bulls. The frozen semen from eight Madura bulls belonging to the National Singosari and Lembang AI centre were used. They were classified based on the selected field reproductive efficiency data from the year 2018 until 2020. Sperm motility was evaluated using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA). The data were analyzed using oneway ANOVA and Pearson correlation. The data showed that %CR was significantly higher (P<0.05) and positively correlated with sperm motility. It is proved that sperm motility represents good quality sperm as one of the fertility parameters in Madura bulls.

Digital image analysis have been applied to determine and follow the body measurement, live weights, and animal growth. The objectives on this study were to compare linear body measurement (BMs) method (manually and digital image analysis) and to compare size and body dimension of Friesian Holstein (FH) and Limousin cows. In this study, the BMs of FH and Limousin cows was determined using digital image analysis (IA). Linear measurement of primary morphometrics, part of Columna vertebralis, and extrimity length of cows was first determined manually, by direct measurement. Then the digital images of cows were taken and the results obtained through the calculations were recorded into the computer and analized by Corel draw. Result showed that the BMs with both methods measurement was not significant different and IA method had lower coefficient variation (CV) than manual, which indicates the IA method can be used for morphometric study. For the body dimension, FH had larger frame size and lower body weight than Limousin. The different of breed caused differences in morphometric performances. FH had longer thoraxoc vertebrae, wither height, space between ischium, and space coxae to ischium than Limousin. Limousin had longer cervicalis vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and scapulla.

Age is one of the essential factors determining the reproductive potency of the bull because it is related to the growth and development of livestock organs, including their reproductive organs. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the characteristics of fresh and frozen semen quality of Aceh cattle at different ages. Three Aceh bulls were involved in this study. The semen was collected from each bull aged 6 to 10 years and the fresh and frozen semen quality was evaluated directly. The results showed that the bull age significantly affects semen volume, pH, sperm concentration, total sperm, total motile sperm, and frozen semen production of Aceh cattle (p < 0.05). However, it was found that there was no significant change in the sperm motility, before freezing, post-thawing, and during recovery across age (p > 0.05). Semen volume, total sperm, total motile sperm, and frozen semen production increased in bulls from 6 to 7 years of age and then gradually reduced from 7 to 10 years of age. It could be concluded that the optimum semen productivity of Aceh cattle is when they are 7 years old.