Indonesian and U.S. college students were compared to assess whether an interaction of sex of subject by sex of target on attitudes toward homosexuals would be replicated cross-culturally. The Indonesian sample was expected to hold more traditional attitudes toward women's gender-role behavior which was expected to override the interaction of sex of subject by sex of target. Knowledge of AIDS was expected to be correlated with attitudes toward homosexuals. Analysis showed that the interaction of sex of subject by sex of homosexual target was present in both samples. Knowledge of AIDS was correlated with attitudes toward homosexuals for the U.S. sample but not for the Indonesian sample. Attitudes toward women's gender-roles were correlated with attitudes toward homosexuals in both samples.
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is one of the most abundant chaperone proteins. Their function is well documented in facilitating the protein synthesis, translocation, de novo folding, and ordering of multiprotein complexes. HSP70 in bovine consists of four genes: HSP70-1, HSP70-2, HSP70-3, and HSP70-4. HSP70-2 was found to be involved in fertility. Current knowledge implicates HSP70-2 in sperm quality, sperm capacitation, sperm–egg recognition, and fertilization essential for bull reproduction. HSP70-2 is also involved in the biological processes of spermatogenesis, as it protects cells from the effects of apoptosis and oxidative stress. Fertilization success is not only determined by the amount of sperm found in the female reproductive tract but also by the functional ability of the sperm. However, subfertility is more likely to be associated with changes in sperm molecular dynamics not detectable using conventional methods. As such, molecular analyses and omics methods have been developed to monitor crucial aspects of sperm molecular morphology that are important for sperm functions, which are the objectives of this review.
Ultrasonography is a diagnostic method to image the conditions of reproductive organs and it could be supported by vaginal cytology to identify the activities of the ovaries by the types of vaginal exfoliate cells. The aims of this study was to observe reproduction organ through ultrasonography with supportive diagnostic with vaginal cytological assessment. A total of 10 individual queens were used in this study and then grouped into intact group (n=5) and spayed (ovariohysterectomy) group (n=5) based on the anamneses or their medical history. The vagina, cervix, uterus body and horns, and ovaries were imaged and measured by ultrasound. Vagina, uterine body and horn seem as pipe-like structures with hyperechoic outer lines. The lumen in uterine body and horn seem as a hyperechoic structure. The ovaries seem as round- or oval-shaped structures with anechoic follicles. The corpus luteal has thick wall and seen as anechoic in its centre part. The corpus albicans seems as a hyperechoic structure. The vagina of spayed queens seemed more corrugated than those intact queens. The cervix is seen as a hyperechoic structure linking the vagina and uterine body. Exfoliate vaginal epithelial cell types were then also be identified and counted on each queens. The results of vaginal cytology showed that proestrus occured in 3 intact queens, late metestrus in 1 intact and 3 spayed queens, anestrus in 1 spayed queen, and unidentifiable estrus stage in 1 intact and 1 spayed queens. Moreover, the morphology of cervix and uterine was affected by the activity of ovary.
Bats have been known as natural reservoirs for potential emerging infectious viruses, such as Lyssaviruses, Coronaviruses, Ebola viruses, Nipah virus, and many others. Because of their abudance in population, wide distribution and mobility, bats have a greater risk as source for zoonotic transmission than other animals. Despite the facts of their role as reservoirs for many pathogens, not until an epidemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 and Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, that people pay much attention about coronavirus in bats. SARS-like virus also found in bats with a higher prevalence rate. This study aims to detect the coronavirus of bats in Gorontalo province Indonesia, characterization at the molecular level of the coronavirus genome and determining the level of kinship (through trees filogenetic). This study was conducted as part of bigger PREDICT Indonesia project, in particular to examine coronavirus in bats from Gorontalo province, Indonesia. As many as 95 rectal swab samples collected from flying foxes (Pteropus alecto) were analyzed in the laboratory using Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique to amplify the target sequence from RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) gene with 434 basepair product, resulted 24 samples determined as presumptive positive. Eight out of 24 presumptive positive samples by PCR were analyzed further by nucleotide sequencing and confirmed coronavirus positive. Phylogenetic tree analyses to the eight coronavirus confirmed-sequences were constructed with MEGA-6.0 . The conclusion was 24 out of 95 samples suggested as presumptive positive to Bat CoV. Eight out of 24 samples were analyzed further by nucleotide sequencing and have similarities in the kinship. Three samples had the 98% nucleotide identity to BatCoV from Indonesia and five samples were 85-88% nucleotide identity to BatCoV from Thailand.
The Endangered status of the Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae is now well recognized around the world, with an estimated population of 400–500 remaining in the wild and c. 245 Sumatran tigers maintained ex situ. In recognition of the situation, the Indonesian government has prioritized the steps necessary for effective conservation of the subspecies, formalized in 1994 in the Ministry of Forestry's far‐sighted document, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy (Ministry of Forestry, 1994). This document inspired the initiation of a multitude of programmes, which evolved into a multi‐national conservation effort to save the Sumatran tiger, involving the World Conservation Union specialist groups, zoological parks, universities, governments and corporations working co‐operatively with Indonesian forestry and wildlife agencies. In this article, we illustrate how the traditionally isolated fields of ex situ (zoos and captive management) and in situ conservation (wildlife agencies and field programmes) can work together. In today's world close co‐operation of workers in these two fields will become increasingly necessary for effective conservation action.
This study aims to delineate the tissue structure of male cat external reproductive organs using ultrasound with different types of consoles and transducers frequencies through indirect method. External organ of 5 tom weighing 2-3 kg was evaluated using ultrasound with stationary console (linear transducer, 10 MHz) and portable console (linear transducer, 6.5 MHz), transcutaneously. The results showed that both console and transducer could not visualize the structure of organs sized less than 10 mm through direct method. However, the indirect method using stationary console with a 10 MHz transducer enable to visualize the organ and depicts clearly the internal organ structure such as penis and its parts, scrotum and its constituent layers, caput and cauda of epididymis, and testicles. Furthermore, portable console with 6.5 MHz transducer was still able to provide an adequate image of those organs. In general, fibrous tissues such as tunica vaginalis, tunica Dartos, funiculusspermaticus, and urethra were visible in ultrasonogram as hyperechoic structures, while soft tissues such as the parts of testicles and penis were visible as hypoechoic structures. Tissue containing fluid such as urethral lumen was visible as anechoic structure. In conclusion, indirect ultrasound imaging method was sufficient to visualize the organs sized less than 10 mm using 3-15 MHz transducer in which was currently widely used in animal health care clinics.
The effects of a cyclopropenoid fatty acid on luteal cell function were studied. In experiment 1, pregnant ewes were laparotomized on Day 18 of gestation and ewes with CL in both ovaries were unilaterally ovariectomized. Either 1.09 mg of an extract of Sterculia foetida seeds, containing 750 micrograms sterculic acid methyl ester (SA, n = 6), or 1.09 mg oleic acid methyl ester (OA, n = 6) was injected into the artery supplying the ovary bearing CL. Jugular blood was collected on Day 18 before surgery and daily thereafter until Day 30 of gestation or until detection of estrus, whichever occurred first. Serum was assayed for progesterone (P4) by RIA. In experiment 2, CL were removed from ewes on Day 10 of the estrous cycle and slices of luteal tissue were incubated in medium containing 145 ng/ml of S. foetida extract (100 ng/ml SA) or 145 ng/ml OA (control) for 90 min. Then tissue was washed and reincubated in medium containing 25 micrograms 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol/ml or 25 micrograms pregnenolone/ml for 120 min. Tissue plus medium was analyzed for P4. Injection of SA or OA on Day 18 of gestation reduced (p < 0.01) serum levels of P4 within 24 h; concentrations of P4 then remained low, and relatively constant, in six OA control ewes that were pregnant until Day 30 of gestation and in three SA-treated ewes that had nonviable fetuses on Day 30. Serum concentrations of P4 in SA-treated ewes were lower than those of control ewes (p = 0.009). The remaining three ewes injected with SA exhibited estrus within 3 to 5 days after treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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