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The Endangered status of the Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae is now well recognized around the world, with an estimated population of 400–500 remaining in the wild and c. 245 Sumatran tigers maintained ex situ. In recognition of the situation, the Indonesian government has prioritized the steps necessary for effective conservation of the subspecies, formalized in 1994 in the Ministry of Forestry's far‐sighted document, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy (Ministry of Forestry, 1994). This document inspired the initiation of a multitude of programmes, which evolved into a multi‐national conservation effort to save the Sumatran tiger, involving the World Conservation Union specialist groups, zoological parks, universities, governments and corporations working co‐operatively with Indonesian forestry and wildlife agencies. In this article, we illustrate how the traditionally isolated fields of ex situ (zoos and captive management) and in situ conservation (wildlife agencies and field programmes) can work together. In today's world close co‐operation of workers in these two fields will become increasingly necessary for effective conservation action.

ABSTRAK Anoa, yang merupakan salah satu satwa endemik di Indonesia, populasinya semakin menurun, sehingga saat ini dimasukkan dalam endangered species oleh International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji aplikasi teknik inseminasi buatan (IB) pada anoa dan megetahui perilaku proses kelahiran. Penelitian melibatkan 2 anoa jantan dan 5 anoa betina di Taman Safari Indonesia Bogor. Semen dikoleksi menggunakan elektroejakulator, lalu dievaluasi dan diencerkan dalam pengencer Tris-kuning telur. Anoa betina yang estrus setelah disinkronisasi, diinseminasi intraservikal menggunakan semen cair (100 juta/1,0 ml), dalam keadaan teranastesi. Hewan yang tidak estrus melebihi 2-3 siklus setelah IB dianggap bunting, dan dikonfirmasi menggunakan ultrasonografi. Sebagai pembanding, dilakukan USG pada 1 anoa lain yang diduga bunting setelah kawin alam. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa 1 dari 4 ekor anoa dikonfirmasi bunting. Lama periode kebuntingan pada anoa adalah 313 hari (hasil IB) dan 324 hari (hasil kawin alam). Proses partus dapat diamati dan dibagi menjadi 3 tahap, dengan durasi setiap tahap adalah 6-8 jam (tahap 1, dikarakterisasi oleh kontraksi abdominal, dan pengeluaran dan perobekan kantong amnion), 30-60 menit (tahap 2, dikarakterisasi oleh pengeluaran fetus), dan 15-180 menit (tahap 3, dikarakterisasi oleh pengeluaran plasenta dan induk memakan plasenta). Disimpulkan bahwa teknik IB dapat diaplikasikan pada anoa di penangkaran dan karakteristik proses partus pada anoa adalah mirip dengan kerbau dan sapi. Namun demikian, pengeluaran anak terjadi pada posisi induk berdiri dan induk memakan plasenta.

Background and Aim: The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) is a subspecies of Panthera pardus spp., spread across the African and Asian regions. Information on reproductive aspects is crucial for wild animals, including the Javan leopard. In this study, we aimed to develop electroejaculator (EE) techniques and evaluate cryopreservation success in Javan leopard semen. Materials and Methods: The semen of four adult Javan leopards was collected once a week using EE. Placement of the EE probe in the rectum was performed after ultrasound imaging (ultrasonography) to determine the prostate body location. The semen obtained was then evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Three Javan leopards were used for cryopreservation. The ejaculate was divided into two parts [i.e., one part diluted with AndroMed® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany) and the other part with Steridyl® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany)] at a 1:1 ratio immediately after collection and evaluation. The semen was then packed in a 0.25 mL MiniStraw® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany) then equilibrated at 4°C for 2 h. After equilibration, the straw was then frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor. Frozen semen was then stored in containers until further evaluation. Results: The results showed that ejaculation response occurred at all levels of stimulation, while erections did not always occur. The fastest ejaculation and erection occurred at the fourth voltage. The macroscopic evaluation showed that the semen volume was 0.80±0.26 mL, cloudy white, pH 7.44±0.14, and with watery semen consistency. The microscopic evaluation showed that the sperm motility was 66.98±0.39%, with sperm viability of 75.6±1.79%. Sperm concentration was 62.17±46.95×106 mL–1 with a total concentration of 42.14±23.51×106 cells. Normal sperm morphology is only 40.72±6.26%. Conclusion: This study concluded that the development of a semen collection technique using an EE preceded by imaging of the EE probe location using ultrasound was effective for the ejaculation of Javan leopards. The characteristics of the semen of the Javan leopard showed moderate semen volume, sperm motility, and viability. Javan leopard showed low sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology.

Semen collection in wild animals may be challenging for some methods such as electro ejaculator may cause pain and distress to the animals. Transrectal massage has been widely used in domestic and wild animals semen collection. Even though an artificial vagina may provide a condition that mimics the female reproductive tract and known to provide better results in some species, the application may face obstacles in the field. This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of modified semen collection in banteng bull by combining the transrectal massage method followed by the use of an artificial vagina. The bull was habituated and trained for semen collection in chute under veterinarian supervision in Taman Safari Indonesia, Cisarua, Bogor, West Java. Semen samples from one Javan banteng bull were collected once a week. Banteng bull showed stud and penile protrusion during semen collection. Watery semen with volume ranged from 12 ml were successfully collected, with sperm progressive motility ranged from 25%-40%. Our study also showed sperm abnormalities comprising 18.11% abnormal sperm heads, 28.82% abnormal sperm tails and 0.94% teratoid form. The results demonstrated the possibility of this modified method as an alternative procedure for semen collection in banteng bull which may also be useful for other wild animals in field conditions