Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Materials and methods; calculations; images of bare sensor surface; controls with bare gold, azide-inhibited MvBOx, BSA and TvL; variations in scan parameters and oxygenation; plots of Dd 7 vs. Df 7. See
Back-contact PSCs are fabricated by depositing charge-selective electrodes and MAPbI3 into micron-sized polymeric grooves, micro-modules are formed by serially-connecting grooves.
Two surface analysis techniques, dual polarization interferometry (DPI) and analysis by an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation capability (E-QCM-D), were paired to find the deposition conditions that give the highest and most stable electrocatalytic activity per adsorbed mass of enzyme. Layers were formed by adsorption from buffered solutions of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria at pH 6.0 to planar surfaces, under high enzyme loading (≥1 mg mL(-1)) for contact periods of up to 2 min. Both unmodified and carboxylate-functionalized gold-coated sensors showed that a deposition solution concentration of 10-25 mg mL(-1) gave the highest activity per mass of adsorbed enzyme with an effective catalytic rate constant (k(cat)) of about 60 s(-1). The densification of adsorbed layers observed by DPI correlated with reduced bioactivity observed by parallel E-QCM-D measurements. Postadsorption changes in thickness and density observed by DPI were incorporated into Kelvin-Voigt models of the QCM-D response. The modeled response matched experimental observations when the adlayer viscosity tripled after adsorption.
This work presents a general method for producing edge-modified graphene using electrophilic aromatic substitution. Five types of edge-modified graphene were created from graphene/graphite nanoplatelets sourced commercially and produced by ultrasonic exfoliation of graphite in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. In contrast to published methods based on Friedel-Crafts acylation, this method does not introduce a carbonyl group that may retard electron transfer between the graphene sheet and its pendant groups. Graphene sulphonate (G-SO 3-) was prepared by chlorosulphonation and then reduced to form graphene thiol (G-SH). The modifications tuned the graphene nanoparticles' solubility: G-SO 3 was readily dispersible in water, and G-SH was dispersible in toluene. The synthetic utility of the directly attached reactive moieties was demonstrated by creating a ''glycographene'' through radical addition of allyl mannoside to G-SH. Chemical modifications were confirmed by FT-IR and XPS. Based on XPS analysis of edge-modified GNPs, G-SO 3 and G-SH had a S:C atomic ratio of 0.3:100. XPS showed that a significant amount of carbon sp 2 character remained after functionalisation, indicating little modification to the conductive basal plane. The edge specificity of the modifications was visualised on edge-modified samples of graphene produced by chemical vapour deposition (CVD): scanning electron microscopy of gold nanoparticles attached to G-SH samples,
Tin oxide (SnO
x
) electron‐extraction layers are fabricated via a reactive electron‐beam evaporation process from a metal source under a partial pressure of oxygen. These are then used in standard (n‐i‐p) architecture perovskite solar cells and achieve power conversion efficiencies up to 19.3%. The SnO
x
deposition process is performed onto substrates maintained at low temperature compared to similar techniques, with films not requiring any subsequent high‐temperature post‐deposition annealing. This demonstrates the potential compatibility of reactive electron‐beam evaporation with roll‐to‐roll processing onto flexible polymeric substrates.
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