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In stitut C.D. HOWE In stitute Essential Policy Intelligence | Conseils indispensables sur les politiques Canada's decentralized, interprovincial approach to carbon pricing is appealing. Provinces choose the carbon-pricing instrument, the level of climate ambition and how to recycle carbon-pricing revenues to suit their unique circumstances. But this approach has led to different carbon prices in different provinces, meaning that higher-cost emissions reductions are being undertaken when lower-cost abatement opportunities are available. 1 To achieve emissions reductions at the lowest possible cost, a single economy-wide carbon price is required. Could a decentralized, interprovincial approach deliver on this objective? Despite recent initiatives, provincial efforts so far have failed to achieve a single Canada-wide carbon price, and Canada is not on track to achieve its national emissions reduction target for

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Le présent article jette un coup d'oeil sur la politique portant sur l'attribution d'un permis de conduire aux conducteurs canadiens plus âgés. Nous mettons l'accent sur la fréquence de renouvellement du permis de conduire, l'évaluation des compétences de conduite, et le rô le des professionnels de la santé, les assureurs, et le service de police afin d'évaluer la capacité de conduire. Notre évaluation des régimes actuels constate qu'il existe des lacunes importantes en ce qui a trait à la rentabilité, à l'équitabilité, à la transparence, et à la faisabilité. Nous proposons un nouveau régime d'octroi des permis aux personnes âgées, lequel comporte un processus d'évaluation en deux étapes comprenant un déclencheur en fonction de l'âge, une séance d'information obligatoire, et l'adoption d'une politique de retrait du permis par étapes progressives. Ces réformes permettront de compenser certaines des faiblesses du régime actuel et d'améliorer la sécurité routière.Mots clés : sécurité routière, les conducteurs âgés, permis de conduire This paper examines public policy relating to the licensing of older Canadian drivers. We focus on licence renewal frequency, assessment of driving competence, and the role of medical professionals, insurers, and police in assessing fitness-to-drive. Our evaluation of the current regimes finds shortcomings with respect to cost-effectiveness, equity, transparency, and feasibility. We propose a new elderly licensing regime which includes a two-stage assessment process with an age-based trigger, a mandatory education session, and adoption of graduated delicensing. These reforms will overcome some of the identified weaknesses of the current regime and improve road safety.

RÉSUMÉ Notre article vise principalement à donner des notions élémentaires sur les fondements de la théorie des subventions intergouvernementales, qui pourront être utiles aux nouveaux venus dans ce domaine actif de la recherche. En outre, nous donnons un aperçu sélectif des récents articles théoriques sur les subventions, en soulignant particulièrement les jeux non coopératifs entre divers niveaux de gouvernement dans un système fédéral. Les parties de notre article correspondent à des sujets généraux : les subventions de péréquation, les subventions liées au partage des recettes et les subventions conditionnelles. Pour rehausser la valeur pédagogique de cet article, nous fournissons pour chaque sujet une étude mathématique simple et unifiée (dans la mesure du possible) qui accompagnera une description discursive des points principaux relevés dans la documentation.

This paper uses panel data from seven Canadian provinces which received Equalization payments over the period 1980/81 to 1995/96 to examine how provinces adjust own-source revenue in response to past budget shocks. Governments respond symmetrically to past own-source revenue shocks: they increase or reduce own-revenue by $0.75 for every unexpected dollar shock in own-source revenue last year. In contrast, revenue responses to past grant shocks are asymmetric. Provinces lower own-source revenue by $0.87 in response to an unexpected extra dollar from Equalization last year. But, they make no adjustment following an unexpected Equalization shortfall. The magnitude of these responses suggest that provinces see a significant component of these shocks to be persistent. Lastly, the results with respect to past spending shocks are mixed. In contrast to recent empirical results on asymmetric responses to changes in grants, the results in this paper suggest that, at least in the short run, unexpected increases in Equalization are unlikely to have a large, stimulative effect on government spending. Copyright Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg 2004Own-source revenue, budget shocks, grants,

Carbon taxes are not only an efficient tool to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, but they are also an increasingly important source of government revenue. The uneven distribution of emissions, however, creates significant differences across provinces in terms of their revenue potential. Equalization payments can mitigate these differences, but little is known about how this program interacts with carbon taxes. In this article, we quantitatively analyze this interaction and explore alternative considerations for equalization design—such as which revenues to include or tax bases to use—that may motivate changes to improve the functioning and effectiveness of both equalization and climate policy.