Bacteroidota is a group of marine polysaccharide degraders, which play a crucial role in the carbon cycle in the marine ecosystems. In this study, three novel gliding strains, designated as SS9-22T, W9P-11T, and SW1-E11T, isolated from algae and decaying wood were proposed to represent three novel species of the genus Fulvivirga. We identified a large number of genes encoding for carbohydrate-active enzymes, which potentially participate in polysaccharide degradation, based on whole genome sequencing. The 16S rRNA sequence similarities among them were 94.4–97.2%, and against existing species in the genus Fulvivirga 93.1–99.8%. The complete genomes of strains SS9-22T, W9P-11T, and SW1-E11T comprised one circular chromosome with size of 6.98, 6.52, and 6.39 Mb, respectively; the GC contents were 41.9%, 39.0%, and 38.1%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with members in the genus Fulvivirga including the isolates were in a range of 68.9–85.4% and 17.1–29.7%, respectively, which are low for the proposal of novel species. Genomic mining in three genomes identified hundreds of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) covering up to 93 CAZyme families and 58–70 CAZyme gene clusters, exceeding the numbers of genes present in the other species of the genus Fulvivirga. Polysaccharides of alginate, chitin, laminarin, starch, and xylan were degraded in vitro, highlighting that the three strains are rich sources of CAZymes of polysaccharide degraders for biotechnological applications. The phenotypic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and genomic characteristics supported the proposal of three novel species in the genus Fulvivirga, for which the names Fulvivirga ulvae sp. nov. (SS9-22T = KCTC 82072T = GDMCC 1.2804T), Fulvivirga ligni sp. nov. (W9P-11T = KCTC 72992T = GDMCC 1.2803T), and Fulvivirga maritima sp. nov. (SW1-E11T = KCTC 72832T = GDMCC 1.2802T) are proposed.
A Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, facultative anaerobic motile bacterium, designated strain OG9-811T, was isolated from the gut of an oyster collected in the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. The strain grew at 10–37 °C, pH 6.0–9.0 and with 0.5–10% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain OG9-811T affiliated with the genus Vibrio , with the highest sequence similarity of 98.2% to Vibrio coralliilyticus ATCC BAA-450T followed by Vibrio variabilis R-40492T (98.0 %), Vibrio hepatarius LMG 20362T (97.7 %) and Vibrio neptunius LMG 20536T (97.6 %); other relatives were Vibrio tritonius JCM 16456T (97.4 %), Vibrio fluvialis NBRC 103150T (97.0 %) and Vibrio furnissii CIP 102972T (97.0 %). The complete genome of strain OG9-811T comprised two chromosomes of a total 4 807 684 bp and the G+C content was 50.2 %. Results of analysis based on the whole genome sequence showed the distinctiveness of strain OG9-811T. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain OG9-811T and the closest strains V. coralliilyticus ATCC BAA-450T, V. variabilis R-40492T, V. hepatarius LMG 20362T, V. neptunius KCTC 12702T , V. tritonius JCM 16456T, V. fluvialis ATCC 33809T and V. furnissi CIP 102972T were 73.0, 72.6, 73.3, 73.0, 72.7, 78.5 and 77.8 %, respectively, while the digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain OG9-811T and the above closely related strains were 20.8, 21.2, 20.8, 21.7, 20.7, 23.2 and 22.4 %, respectively. The major fatty acids of strain OG9-811T were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c) and C16:0. The polar lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Strain OG9-811T contained Q-8 as a quinone. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic characteristics, strain OG9-811T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Vibrio ostreae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OG9-811T (=KCTC 72623T=GDMCC 1.2610T).
A Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacterial strain (WSW3-B6T) was isolated from red alga collected from the West Sea, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain WSW3-B6T were non-motile, aerobic and produced slightly yellow and mucoid colonies on marine agar. The strain grew optimally at 23–30 °C, with 0.5–4 % NaCl (w/v) and at pH 6.5–8.5. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain WSW3-B6T belongs to the genus Flavobacterium within the family Flavobacteriaceae , having the highest sequence similarity to Flavobacterium arcticum SM1502T (96.7%), followed by Flavobacterium salilacus subsp. altitudinum LaA7.5T (96.2%) and Flavobacterium salilacus subsp. salilacus SaA2.12T (96.2%). The complete sequence of a circular chromosome of strain WSW3-B6T determined by combination of Oxford Nanopore and Illumina platforms comprised a total 2 725 095 bp with G+C content of 37.1 mol%. A comparative analysis based on the whole genome also showed the distinctiveness of strain WSW3-B6T. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain WSW3-B6T and the closest strains F. arcticum SM1502T, F. salilacus subsp. altitudinum LaA7.5T and F. salilacus subsp. salilacus SaA2.12T were 78.3, 77.8 and 77.7 %, respectively, while the digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain WSW3-B6T and the above closely related strains were 21.0, 20.4 and 20.3 %, respectively. Both the ANI and dDDH values supported the creation of a new species in the genus Flavobacterium . The major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0 (19.3 %), C16 : 0 (14.0 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (13.1 %) and C18 : 0 (10.7 %). The polar lipids of strain WSW3-B6T included phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified lipids. Moreover, MK-6 was the only respiratory quinone. A comparison of the phylogenetic distinctiveness and the unique phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics among strain WSW3-B6T and closely related type strains supported that strain WSW3-B6T (=KCTC 82708T=GDMCC 1.2627T) represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium litorale sp. nov. is proposed.
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