Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality in dogs, but diagnosis may be impaired due the insensitivity of routine renal function biomarkers to detect earlier or milder forms of injury. Snake envenomation is one of several causes of AKI in dogs and humans. Dogs are commonly envenomated by the European adder (Vipera berus) between April and October each year, but few studies exist examining serial serum creatinine (sCr) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) measurements and AKI biomarkers in these dogs. Novel urinary biomarkers could improve clinical outcome by allowing earlier diagnosis of and intervention in AKI. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of AKI in dogs envenomated by V. berus at 12, 24 and 36 h after bite, as well as 14 days later, using sCr, SDMA and a panel of urinary AKI biomarkers normalised to urine creatinine (uCr), compared to a group of healthy control dogs. Results Thirty-five envenomated dogs and 35 control dogs were included. Serum creatinine did not exceed the upper reference limit at any time point in any dog after envenomation. Serum SDMA did not exceed 0.89 μmol/L in any dog. Compared to controls, urinary albumin/uCr, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/uCr and monocyte chemotactic protein-1/uCr were significantly elevated 12 h (P <  0.0001, P <  0.0001, P = 0.01), 24 h (P <  0.001, P <  0.001, P = 0.002) and 36 h (P <  0.001, P <  0.001, P = 0.0008) after bite. Osteopontin/uCr was higher 24 and 36 h after bite (P < 0.0001), kidney injury molecule-1/uCr, interleukin-8/uCr and γ- glutamyl transferase/uCr were significantly higher 36 h after bite (P = 0.003, P = 0.0005, P = 0.001). Urinary cystatin C/uCr was not significantly different to controls at any timepoint. Biomarker/uCr ratios were not significantly different 14 days after envenomation compared to controls. Conclusion Urinary biomarker/Cr ratios are indicative of mild transient, non-azotaemic AKI in dogs envenomated by V. berus.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality in dogs, but diagnosis may be impaired due the insensitivity of routine renal function biomarkers to detect earlier or milder forms of injury. Snake envenomation is one of several causes of AKI in dogs and humans. Dogs are commonly envenomated by the European adder (Vipera berus) between April and October each year, but few studies exist examining serial serum creatinine (sCr) measurements and AKI biomarkers in these dogs. Novel urinary biomarkers could improve clinical outcome by allowing earlier diagnosis of and intervention in AKI. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of AKI in dogs envenomated by V. berus at 12, 24 and 36 hours after bite, as well as 14 days later, using sCr and a panel of urinary AKI biomarkers normalised to urine creatinine (uCr), compared to a group of healthy control dogs.Results Thirty-five envenomated dogs and 37 control dogs were included. Serum creatinine did not exceed the upper reference limit at any time point in any dog after envenomation. Compared to controls, urinary albumin /uCr, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/uCr and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 /uCr were significantly elevated 12 hours (p < 0.001, p< 0.001, p = 0.01), 24 hours (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.003) and 36 hours ( p < 0.001, p< 0.001, p = 0.001) after bite. Osteopontin /uCr was higher 24 and 36 hours after bite (p < 0.001), kidney injury molecule-1 /uCr, interleukin-8 /uCr and γ- glutamyl transferase /uCr were significantly higher 36 hours after bite (p = 0.0007, p = 0.0005, p= 0.001). Urinary cystatin C /uCr was not significantly different to controls at any timepoint. Biomarker/uCr ratios were not significantly different 14 days after envenomation compared to controls. Conclusion Urinary biomarker/Cr ratios are indicative of transient non-azotaemia AKI in dogs envenomated by V. berus.