Serial serum creatinine, SDMA and urinary acute kidney injury biomarker measurements in dogs envenomated by the European adder (Vipera berus)

Abstract

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality in dogs, but diagnosis may be impaired due the insensitivity of routine renal function biomarkers to detect earlier or milder forms of injury. Snake envenomation is one of several causes of AKI in dogs and humans. Dogs are commonly envenomated by the European adder (Vipera berus) between April and October each year, but few studies exist examining serial serum creatinine (sCr) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) measurements and AKI biomarkers in these dogs. Novel urinary biomarkers could improve clinical outcome by allowing earlier diagnosis of and intervention in AKI. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of AKI in dogs envenomated by V. berus at 12, 24 and 36 h after bite, as well as 14 days later, using sCr, SDMA and a panel of urinary AKI biomarkers normalised to urine creatinine (uCr), compared to a group of healthy control dogs. Results Thirty-five envenomated dogs and 35 control dogs were included. Serum creatinine did not exceed the upper reference limit at any time point in any dog after envenomation. Serum SDMA did not exceed 0.89 μmol/L in any dog. Compared to controls, urinary albumin/uCr, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/uCr and monocyte chemotactic protein-1/uCr were significantly elevated 12 h (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P = 0.01), 24 h (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.002) and 36 h (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.0008) after bite. Osteopontin/uCr was higher 24 and 36 h after bite (P < 0.0001), kidney injury molecule-1/uCr, interleukin-8/uCr and γ- glutamyl transferase/uCr were significantly higher 36 h after bite (P = 0.003, P = 0.0005, P = 0.001). Urinary cystatin C/uCr was not significantly different to controls at any timepoint. Biomarker/uCr ratios were not significantly different 14 days after envenomation compared to controls. Conclusion Urinary biomarker/Cr ratios are indicative of mild transient, non-azotaemic AKI in dogs envenomated by V. berus.

B-mode and Doppler ultrasound of bitches’ kidneys with mammary neoplasia submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy

“…However, although variations in creatinine rates are considered predictive factors for the diagnosis of AKI by IRIS, several authors state that this marker has low sensitivity for the detection of early renal dysfunction (Hall 2016, Dahlem et al 2017, Meersch et al 2017, McKenna et al 2020. In this regard, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an important alternative (Dahlem et al 2017, Harjen et al 2021.…”

Creatinina: Revisión De Su Utilidad Y Alcances Como Marcador De Lesión Renal

“…La medición de la producción de orina, durante un período de 24 h post quirúrgicas, es uno de los más simples 19 . La IRA se asocia con alta morbilidad y mortalidad en perros, pero su diagnóstico puede verse afectado debido a la escasa sensibilidad que presentan los biomarcadores utilizados de rutina para detectar formas tempranas de lesión renal 20 .…”

Early Detection of Renal Damage Using Kidney Injury Molecule -1 (KIM-1) In Dogs Associated with Dehydration

“…The approval of KIM-1 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an indicator of drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) in rodent models [9] stems from its notable sensitivity and specificity as an early biomarker for proximal tubular injury. In the realm of human medicine, KIM-1, characterized as a transmembrane glycoprotein, is recommended as a responsive biomarker for acute kidney injury (AKI) due to its upregulation during instances of sudden injury [6].…”