BackgroundThe Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua in Northern Mexico is inhabited by indigenous Raramuris, mestizos, and other ethnic groups. The territory consists of canyons and ravines with pine, oak and pine-oak forests in the higher plateaus. A great diversity of potentially edible mushrooms is found in forests of the Municipalities of Bocoyna and Urique. Their residents are the only consumers of wild mushrooms in the Northern Mexico; they have a long tradition of collecting and eating these during the “rainy season.” However, despite the wide diversity of edible mushrooms that grow in these areas, residents have a selective preference. This paper aims to record evidence of the knowledge and use of wild potentially edible mushroom species by inhabitants of towns in the Sierra Tarahumara of Chihuahua, Mexico.MethodUsing a semi-structured technique, we surveyed 197 habitants from seven locations in Urique, Bocoyna, and the Cusarare area from 2010 to 2012. Known fungi, local nomenclature, species consumed, preparation methods, appreciation of taste, forms of preservation, criteria for differentiating toxic and edible fungi, other uses, economic aspects, and traditional teaching were recorded. To identify the recognized species, photographic stimuli of 22 local edible species and two toxic species were used.ResultsThe respondents reported preference for five species: Amanita rubescens, Agaricus campestris, Ustilago maydis, Hypomyces lactifluorum, and the Amanita caesarea complex. No apparent differences were found between ethnic groups in terms of preference, although mestizos used other species in Bocoyna (Boletus edulis and B. pinophilus). Some different uses of fungi are recognized by respondents, i.e. home decorations, medicine, as food in breeding rams, etc.ConclusionThe studied population shows a great appreciation towards five species, mainly the A. caesarea complex, and an apparent lack of knowledge of nearly 20 species which are used as food in other areas of Mexico. There are no apparent differences among Sierra inhabitants in terms of gender, occupation, or language regarding the recognition and consumption of species. The rejection of certain species is due mainly to fear of poisoning and the traditional selective teaching of families in the mountain communities of the Sierra Tarahumara.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1746-4269-10-67) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The relationship between minerals of soil and cacti may be an indicator of the distribution of these plants. The aim of this study was to determine the mineralogical composition of soils and its relationship with cacti in southeastern Chihuahua. Soil sampling was conducted in 2009 at 34 sites, samples were then analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Student t test to determine the relation among types and percentage of minerals, soil types and cacti species. The laboratory analyses identified 15 minerals, quartz, calcite, albite and sanidine being the dominant and correlated with the presence of 32 cacti species, Opuntia engelmannii, O. imbricata and O. leptocaulis being the most frequent. There were more cacti on tuffs and limestone derived soils compared to basalts and granites derived soils. The Student's t test provided evidence (p < 0.05) of the significant relationship between sanidine with O. leptocaulis and O. macrocentra. Bayer's theorem indicated that calcite, quartz and sanidine were related to O. engelmannii (31.99 %), O. macrocentra (27.86 %) and O. leptocaulis (28.13 %), respectively. Summarizing, sanidine, calcite and quartz were the minerals related to cacti; cacti were more diverse on tuff, rhyolite and limestone derived soils and scarce in basalt, alluvial and conglomerate derived soils.
ResumenLa familia Cactaceae se distingue por su morfología y anatomía. Que le permite soportar épocas prolongadas de sequías y alta radiación solar. Para algunas de estas especies se carece de información relacionada con su distribución, estatus y nicho fundamental. Es el caso de la cactácea Coryphantha chihuahuensis, reportada en el estado de Chihuahua y en el Desierto Chihuahuense en México. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el nicho fundamental de C. chihuahuensis en el estado de Chihuahua. Con ello se muestran las áreas probables y adecuadas para el desarrollo de la especie. Se georeferenciaron en campo 20 sitios de presencia de la especie. Para determinar su nicho fundamental se utilizaron tres modelos con distintas combinaciones de variables (bioclimáticas, altitud, edafología, usos de suelo y vegetación). El algoritmo utilizado fue MaxEnt (máxima entropía). Los resultados indicaron que el modelo con menor error fue el que utilizó todas las variables, con un valor de efectividad de 99% y una desviación estándar de 0.001. El modelo muestra el nicho fundamental de la especie al centro y sur del estado, con una probabilidad de ocurrencia del 70 al 100% al centro; mientras que los valores más bajos fueron al sur-centro y al noreste del estado con probabilidad de presencia del 30 al 50%. El modelo obtenido para determinar el nicho fundamental para C. chihuahuense es puntual, ya que muestra las áreas probables y adecuadas para la especie. Esto ayudará a la protección, conservación y recuperación de la misma. Palabras clave: máxima entropía, ocurrencia, endémicas, georeferencia, variables bioclimáticas, nicho fundamental. AbstractThe Cactaceae family is distinguished by its morphology and anatomy that allows it to withstand prolonged periods of drought and high solar radiation. For some of its species there is a lack of basic information regarding distribution, status and fundamental niche. This is the case of Coryphantha chihuahuensis, reported in the Chihuahua state in the Chihuahuan Desert region. The aim of this study was to determine the fundamental niche of Coryphantha chihuahuensis in the state of Chihuahua, displaying possible and suitable areas in which the species could develop. During fieldwork 20 georeferenced sites with species occurrence were recorded. The species fundamental niche was determined using three models with different combinations of variables (bioclimatic variables, altitude, soil, land use and vegetation). The algorithm used was MaxEnt (maximum entropy). The results indicate that the model with the lowest error was the model that contained all variables, with an effectiveness value of 99% and a standard deviation of 0.001. The model places the fundamental niche of the species in the center and south of the state, with a probability of occurrence of 70 to 100% at the center; while the lowest values were south-central and northeast of the state with the probability of presence of 30 to 50%. The obtained model used to determine the fundamental niche for C. Chihuahua is timely as ...
Reportamos el primer registro de la cotorra argentina (Myiopsitta monachus) en las ciudades de Chihuahua y Delicias en Chihuahua, México. Observamos cinco individuos de esta especie de junio a diciembre de 2011 en las instalaciones de la Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua; grupos de 2 a 12 individuos en el área urbana de la ciudad de Chihuahua durante 2012, y cuatro individuos en ciudad Delicias, a 80 km al sureste de la ciudad de Chihuahua, en el 2013. Previamente, en enero de 2011, se reportó, en el portal electrónico de aVerAves, el avistamiento de un individuo en el noroeste del estado. Dada la presencia de nidos activos en las ciudades de Chihuahua y Delicias, la especie podría estar ya establecida en esta parte del país. Recomendamos dar seguimiento a las poblaciones existentes de esta especie a fin de documentar los posibles riesgos a los ecosistemas en la región.
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