The reason for the heterogeneity in ARF associated with renal hypouricaemia remains unknown. Further studies, especially on molecular mechanisms, are required to establish the best guidance against ARF recurrence.

PP appears to be effective for the prevention and treatment of posttransplant recurrence of FSGS, although further consideration of cost/benefit and risks is required before a conclusive judgement can be made.

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The incidence of ESRD is lower in Japanese children than in children of other high-income countries. Since 1998, notably, there has been a marked increase in pre-emptive Tx as an initial treatment modality for Japanese children with ESRD.

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Annealing effects on the operation stability of ballistic electron emission from electrochemically oxidized nanocrystalline silicon diodes Efficient and ballistic cold electron emission from porous polycrystalline silicon diodes with a porosity multilayer structure J.