Feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between the requirement for tocopherol and dietary linoleate levels in carp. The results obtained in the feeding
Imperfection (cracking, stress) in (0001)GaN/(OOOIja-AI203 grown by using the metalorganic chemical. vapor deposition (MOCVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is investigated. First, the epitaxial relation is confirmed by using the oscillating-crystal method. Subsequently, imperfections, especially cracks, are observed in detail by optical microscopy and x-ray diffraction topography. Cracking occurs at the layer thickness larger than 13!-lm in the crystals having epitaxial layers of good quality, while it does not appear even at the thickness of30 !-lm in crystals including inferior layers. Finally, stress in the J.ayer and in the substrate are determined by measuring the warp of the wafer. Compressive stress in the good epitaxial. layer is 1. 6 X 10 9 dyne cm -2, and in this case, cracking occurs at the maximum tensil.e stress in the substrate less than 3 X lOS dyne cm -2. However, cracking does not occur even at the compressive stress of 3 X 10 9 dyne cm -2 in the inferior inyer and at the tensile stress of l. X 10 9 dyne cm -2 in the substrate. From these facts, a possible mechanism of cracking is proposed. During the epitaxial growth, microcracks occur in the substrate at the interface owing to the lattice mismatching. During the cooling, macrocracks which can be observed are grown from the already existing microcracks owing to the thermal stress. In the latter course, the cracking in the substrate must be simultaneously propagated to the epitaxial layer.
A survey on the occurrence of four polyamines, spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine, in fresh and processed pork has been conducted. The effect of deterioration on the concentrations of these polyamines in pork has been examined, and, in addition, determination was made of these four polyamines in various portions of swine rejected on the basis of having tumors. The concentrations of polyamines per 1OOg of fresh and processed pork purchased in the areas of Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture ranged from 2.0-6.9 mg for spermine, 0.1-0.9 mg for spermidlne, N.D.-0.1 mg for putrescine, and N.D.-0.8 mg for cadaverine. When fresh pork samples were stored at 4" or 2O"C, no significant increase in polyamine content was observed until the samples reached the initial stage of decomposition. Almost no appreciable difference in the polyamine levels could be observed between the muscle of swine having embryonal nephroma or malignant melanoma, and those taken from healthy swine.
The epitaxial layers of GaN have been grown on (0001)-oriented sapphire substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The layers with good quality and relatively smooth surface morphology were obtained by enforcing growth in H2 after adherence of nuclei to the substrates in N2 atmosphere. Using this technique, GaN light emitting diodes with metal-insulating n-type structure were fabricated. Two kinds of blue electroluminescence were observed at room temperature with exciting voltage of 4–8 V with emission wavelength of 430 and 488 nm. The external efficiency is about 0.005%.
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