In this article, which is based on personal interviews with councillors, council candidates, party members and their spouses, we look at the considerations governing recruitment to district and county councils. After criticising some aspects of what we call the classic model of political recruitment, we look in some detail at the resources, opportunities and motivations of potential council members. We identify some differences in patterns of recruitment according to gender and to party. The most important distinction, however, is between those who ‘drift’ into a council position at the suggestion of a party member, and the majority who strenuously resist such persuasion.
INTRODUCTION:-Studies on the use of approbation and reproof as incentives for learning have been carried on in various institutions. The results that have been obtained conflict to no small degree.Gilchnst 1 in his study, The Extent to Which Praise and Reproof Affect a Pupil's Wor\, in an experiment carried on with fifty college students, states in the summary of his work that:(a) The group that was praised improved the group score 79 per cent.(b) The group that was reproved made a lower group score on the second test than on the first.Gates and Russland 2 in a study, The Effect of Encouragement and Discouragement Upon Performance, in color naming and coordination tests, made the following statements in reference to their results:(a) The percentage of individuals who improved is in both tests higher for the encouraged than discouraged groups, and higher for the latter than the repetition groups.(b) The small percentage of improvement under encouragement, 9 per cent in one test and .
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