HighlightsMassive phyllodes tumour has a higher chance of being malignant.Staging imaging is undertaken to confirm and define local chest wall invasion.An associated silent DVT/pulmonary embolism should be considered.Pre-operative diagnosis of DVT/Pulmonary embolism changes peri-operative planning.Peri-operative morbidity/mortality is reduced by recognising DVT/Pulmonary embolism.
The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) commissions collaborative agriculture, fisheries and forestry research projects in developing countries. Over a 30-year period, ACIAR has invested over AUD 100 million to fund 150 forestry projects and activities in 29 countries, with most of these projects implemented in Indonesia, Vietnam and Papua New Guinea. This article describes the approach that ACIAR uses to develop and implement projects, and reviews the nature of the ACIAR Forestry Program and its achievements during each decade of its existence. About three-quarters of the research projects have focused on aspects of smallholder and community forestry systems. The findings from a series of independent impact assessment studies, which demonstrate generally high returns on the forestry research investment, are reviewed and some examples of different categories of impacts from the research projects are discussed. ARTICLE HISTORY
While many agroforestry research projects contribute to improving food security, livelihoods and management of natural resources, few have had a significant role in achieving transformational development outcomes. Evaluating the achievements and impacts of multiple research for development (R4D) projects improves understanding of how and why different development interventions work or don’t work. This paper evaluates the relative success of 15 completed agroforestry R4D projects, funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, and analyses key success factors and other aspects that have contributed to differential project success. The evaluation found that six projects had achieved both high achievement of planned activities and had high impacts. The two key success factors considered by project scientists to have the greatest influence on project success were “good leadership and project management” and “collaborative scoping and design”, but the factor “links to impact pathways and user benefits” was also found to be a determinant of high achievement-high impact projects. The paper examines aspects of three most successful agroforestry projects, implemented in Eastern Africa, Vietnam and Papua New Guinea, that have enabled these projects to contribute to transformational development outcomes. These aspects included the development of simple farmer-friendly, locally-appropriate agroforestry technologies, the existence of supportive government policies and programs including effective mechanisms for dissemination of germplasm and tree-growing knowledge to farmers, the engagement of non-government organisations and private sector entities, and the willingness of the donor to invest in value-added product development, effective value-chains and market research.
Various species of Australian acacia and eucalypt trees have been widely planted in plantations and smallholder woodlots throughout South-East Asia. With over 7 M ha now planted, these non-native trees have become an important part of the wood supplies for Asian forest industries and generate very substantial livelihoods for smallholders in many parts of Asia. In Indonesia, the pulp and paper industries and their associated plantations combined directly employ around 1.5 M people and contribute around 1.8% of GDP. Maintaining the health of the plantations and sustaining their productivity are of critical importance as these resources form a crucial part of the wood supply to large pulp mills and many furniture industries.As these exotic plantations estates age, their viability is increasingly threatened by insect pests and pathogens. These include those that are introduced accidentally, as well as 'new encounter' insect pests and pathogens that are undergoing host shifts to attack the acacia and eucalypt trees. Two of the most important pathogens that have shifted to non-native trees are basidiomycetes (Ganoderma and Phellinus spp.), which cause root-rot disease. In this case, these root-rot fungi are present in the native forest and remain in infected stumps and roots as inoculum sources when this original forest is cleared for plantations. Root-rot disease build-up in acacia and eucalypt plantations is rather similar to that observed in oil palm and rubber plantations from one rotation to the next. However, because pulpwood rotations are generally only 5 to 6 years, compared with 25 years for oil palm and rubber, there is accelerated disease development, such that in some areas, tree death can exceed 50% within 20 years of establishing the first pulpwood plantation.The Government of Indonesia has an ambitious plan to expand the area of smallholder plantations by 5.4 M ha to provide wood resources for the expanding pulp and paper industries. Growth rates of Acacia mangium in Sumatra, where the majority of the industrial plantations have been established, ranged between 22-35 m 3 /ha/years before being impacted by root-rot disease. However, studies have shown that smallholders currently achieve yields of only around 50% of potential yield from their first-rotation plantations, due to lack of knowledge and/or application of appropriate management, including disease management. More recently, another disease Ceratocystis has also had significant impact on the productivity of A. mangium plantations through widespread tree death. Together these diseases have reduced A. mangium plantation productivity to unacceptably low levels, forcing a switch to Eucalyptus pellita. However, E. pellita is also vulnerable to root-rot as well as other diseases, so this may not be a viable long-term strategy.The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), through its Forestry Program, has invested in collaborative research on the management of forestry pests and diseases in South-East Asia since the early 1990s. ...
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