Regression testing is applied to modified software to provide confidence that the changed parts behave as intended and that the unchanged parts have not been adversely affected by the modifications. To reduce the cost of regression testing, test cases are selected from the test suite that was used to test the original version of the software-this process is called regression test selection. A safe regressiontest-selection algorithm selects every test case in the test suite that may reveal a fault in the modified software. Safe regression-test-selection techniques can help to reduce the time required to perform regression testing because they select only a portion of the test suite for use in the testing but guarantee that the faults revealed by this subset will be the same as those revealed by running the entire test suite. This paper presents the first safe regression-test-selection technique that, based on the use of a suitable representation, handles the features of the Java language. Unlike other safe regression test selection techniques, the presented technique also handles incomplete programs. The technique can thus be safely applied in the (very common) case of Java software that uses external libraries or components; the analysis of the external code is not required for the technique to select test cases for such software. The paper also describes Retest, a regression-test-selection system that implements our technique, and a set of empirical studies that demonstrate that the regression-test-selection algorithm can be effective in reducing the size of the test suite.

Structural colors are promising candidates for their antifading and eco-friendly characteristics. However, high cost and complicated processing inevitably hinder their development. Here, we propose a facile full-color structural-color inkjet printing strategy with a single transparent ink from the common polymer materials. This structural color arisen from total internal reflections is prepared by digitally printing the dome-shaped microstructure (microdome) with well-controlled morphology. By controlling the ink volume and substrate wettability, the microdome color can be continuously regulated across whole visible regions. The gamut, saturation, and lightness of the printed structural-color image are precisely adjusted via the programmable arrangement of different microdomes. With the advantages of simple manufacturing and widely available inks, this color printing approach presents great potential in imaging, decoration, sensing, and biocompatible photonics.

Regression testing is applied to modified software to provide confidence that the changed parts behave as intended and that the unchanged parts have not been adversely affected by the modifications. To reduce the cost of regression testing, test cases are selected from the test suite that was used to test the original version of the software-this process is called regression test selection. A safe regressiontest-selection algorithm selects every test case in the test suite that may reveal a fault in the modified software. Safe regression-test-selection techniques can help to reduce the time required to perform regression testing because they select only a portion of the test suite for use in the testing but guarantee that the faults revealed by this subset will be the same as those revealed by running the entire test suite. This paper presents the first safe regression-test-selection technique that, based on the use of a suitable representation, handles the features of the Java language. Unlike other safe regression test selection techniques, the presented technique also handles incomplete programs. The technique can thus be safely applied in the (very common) case of Java software that uses external libraries or components; the analysis of the external code is not required for the technique to select test cases for such software. The paper also describes Retest, a regression-test-selection system that implements our technique, and a set of empirical studies that demonstrate that the regression-test-selection algorithm can be effective in reducing the size of the test suite.

The Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is a euryhaline penaeid species that shows ontogenetic adaptations to salinity, with its larvae inhabiting oceanic environments and postlarvae and juveniles inhabiting estuaries and lagoons. Ontogenetic adaptations to salinity manifest in L. vannamei through strong hyper-osmoregulatory and hypo-osmoregulatory patterns and an ability to tolerate extremely low salinity levels. To understand this adaptive mechanism to salinity stress, RNA-seq was used to compare the transcriptomic response of L. vannamei to changes in salinity from 30 (control) to 3 practical salinity units (psu) for 8 weeks. In total, 26,034 genes were obtained from the hepatopancreas tissue of L. vannamei using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 system, and 855 genes showed significant changes in expression under salinity stress. Eighteen top Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were significantly involved in physiological responses, particularly in lipid metabolism, including fatty-acid biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism and glycosphingolipid and glycosaminoglycan metabolism. Lipids or fatty acids can reduce osmotic stress in L. vannamei by providing additional energy or changing the membrane structure to allow osmoregulation in relevant organs, such as the gills. Steroid hormone biosynthesis and the phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism pathways were also involved in the adaptation of L. vannamei to low salinity, and the differential expression patterns of 20 randomly selected genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This study is the first report on the long-term adaptive transcriptomic response of L. vannamei to low salinity, and the results will further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying osmoregulation in euryhaline crustaceans.

Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a freshwater fish but can tolerate a wide range of salinities. The mechanism of salinity adaptation at the molecular level was studied using RNA-Seq to explore the molecular pathways in fish exposed to 0, 8, or 16 (practical salinity unit, psu). Based on the change of gene expressions, the differential genes unions from freshwater to saline water were classified into three categories. In the constant change category (1), steroid biosynthesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, fat digestion and absorption, complement and coagulation cascades were significantly affected by salinity indicating the pivotal roles of sterol-related pathways in response to salinity stress. In the change-then-stable category (2), ribosomes, oxidative phosphorylation, signaling pathways for peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, and fat digestion and absorption changed significantly with increasing salinity, showing sensitivity to salinity variation in the environment and a responding threshold to salinity change. In the stable-then-change category (3), protein export, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, tight junction, thyroid hormone synthesis, antigen processing and presentation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis—keratan sulfate were the significantly changed pathways, suggesting that these pathways were less sensitive to salinity variation. This study reveals fundamental mechanism of the molecular response to salinity adaptation in O. niloticus, and provides a general guidance to understand saline acclimation in O. niloticus.

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Reduction of [{η 5 -1,2,4-(Me 3 Si) 3 C 5 H 2 } 2 UCl 2 ] (1) using potassium graphite (KC 8 ) in the presence of 2,2′-bipyridine forms the uranium bipyridyl metallocene [{η 5 -1,2,4-(Me 3 Si) 3 C 5 H 2 } 2 U(bipy)] (2) in good yield, which was studied by various techniques. Complex 2 constitutes an excellent starting material for further reactions with small molecules for which two dominant reaction patterns emerge: (a) in the presence of CuI, Ph 2 E 2 (E = S, Se), organic azides, diazenes, diazoalkanes, and CS 2 , complex 2 delivers a {η 5 -1,2,4-(Me 3 Si) 3 C 5 H 2 } 2 U-(II) fragment. (b) In contrast, C−C bond coupling occurs when 2 is exposed to the thio-ketone Ph 2 CS, the aldehyde p-MePhCHO, the ketones Ph 2 CO and (CH 2 ) 5 CO, and the seleno-ketone (p-MeOPh) 2 CSe to yield 15), and [{η 5 -1,2,4-(Me 3 Si) 3 C 5 H 2 } 2 U{(bipy){(p-MeOPh) 2 CSe}}] (16), respectively. On the contrary, the imido complex [{η 5 -1,2,4-(Me 3 Si) 3 C 5 H 2 } 2 UNCHPh(C 10 H 7 N 2 )] ( 17) is isolated from the reaction of 2 with PhCN.

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