Structural colors are promising candidates for their antifading and eco-friendly characteristics. However, high cost and complicated processing inevitably hinder their development. Here, we propose a facile full-color structural-color inkjet printing strategy with a single transparent ink from the common polymer materials. This structural color arisen from total internal reflections is prepared by digitally printing the dome-shaped microstructure (microdome) with well-controlled morphology. By controlling the ink volume and substrate wettability, the microdome color can be continuously regulated across whole visible regions. The gamut, saturation, and lightness of the printed structural-color image are precisely adjusted via the programmable arrangement of different microdomes. With the advantages of simple manufacturing and widely available inks, this color printing approach presents great potential in imaging, decoration, sensing, and biocompatible photonics.

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Xylanolytic enzymes are widely used in processing industries, e.g., pulp and paper, food, livestock feeds, and textile. Furthermore, certain xylanotic enzymes have demonstrated the capability to improve the resistance and immunity of plants. Screening of high-yield microbial xylanolytic enzyme producers is significant for improving large-scale cost-effective xylanolytic enzyme production. This study provided new evidence of high-level xylanolytic enzyme production by a novel fungus, designated Leptosphaerulina chartarum SJTU59. Under laboratory conditions, L. chartarum SJTU59 produced xylanolytic enzymes of up to 17.566 U/mL (i.e., 878.307 U/g substrate). The enzyme solution was relatively stable over a wide range of pH (pH 3.0 to pH 9.0) and temperature (40°C to 65°C) while showing high resistance to the majority of metal ions tested. Composition analysis of the hydrolytic products of xylan showed sufficient degradation by xylanolytic enzymes from L. chartarum SJTU59, mainly the monosaccharide xylose, and a small amount of xylobiose were enzymatically produced; whereas in the presence of sufficient xylan substrates, mainly xylooligosaccharides, an emerging prebiotic used in food industry, were produced. In addition, the xylanolytic enzyme preparation from L. chartarum SJTU59 could initiate tissue necrosis and oxidative burst in tobacco leaves, which may be related to enhanced plant defense to adversity and disease. L. chartarum SJTU59 possessed a complex xylanolytic enzyme system, from which two novel endo-β-1,4-xylanases of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 10, one novel endo-β-1,4-xylanase of the GH family 11, and one novel β-xylosidase of the GH family 43 were obtained via rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends. Given the high yield and stable properties of xylanolytic enzymes produced by L. chartarum SJTU59, future studies will be conducted to characterize the properties of individual xylanolytic enzymes from L. chartarum SJTU59. xylanolytic enzymes-encoding gene(s) of potential use for industrial and agricultural applications will be screened to construct genetically engineered strains.

Trichoderma harzianum is a plant‐beneficial fungus that secretes small cysteine‐rich proteins that induce plant defense responses; however, the molecular mechanism involved in this induction is largely unknown. Here, we report that the class II hydrophobin ThHyd1 acts as an elicitor of induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. Immunogold labeling and immunofluorescence revealed ThHyd1 localized on maize (Zea mays) root cell plasma membranes. To identify host plant protein interactors of Hyd1, we screened a maize B73 root cDNA library. ThHyd1 interacted directly with ubiquilin 1‐like (UBL). Furthermore, the N‐terminal fragment of UBL was primarily responsible for binding with Hyd1 and the eight‐cysteine amino acid of Hyd1 participated in the protein‐protein interactions. Hyd1 from T. harzianum (Thhyd1) and ubl from maize were co‐expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, they synergistically promoted plant resistance against Botrytis cinerea. RNA‐sequencing analysis of global gene expression in maize leaves 24 h after spraying with Curvularia lunata spore suspension showed that Thhyd1‐induced systemic resistance was primarily associated with brassinosteroid signaling, likely mediated through BAK1. Jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) signaling was also involved to some extent in this response. Our results suggest that the Hyd1‐UBL axis might play a key role in inducing systemic resistance as a result of Trichoderma‐plant interactions.

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The present study provides insights into the genetic basis of dichlorvos tolerance in Trichoderma that may be exploited for further development of bioremediation or biocontrol agents.

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