Metalated triazoles are the key reactive intermediate of the current click reaction (CuAAC). Bench-stable 5-stannyl triazoles are obtained by a copper-catalyzed interrupted click reaction of easily available terminal alkynes. Subsequent palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolation and trifluoromethylation, generate diverse 1,4,5-trisubstituted triazoles efficiently, which the traditional click reaction is unable to do.
Toll plazas on expressways often experience congestion owing to the imbalance between traffic demand and supply. To address this issue, this paper designs a proactive traffic control method to relieve congestion at toll plazas based on the model predictive control (MPC) that integrates the dynamic lane configuration, that is, the numbers of electronic toll collection (ETC) and manual toll collection (MTC) lanes, and the variable speed limit (VSL). The proposed method first forecasts short‐term traffic demand in toll plazas based on the long short‐term memory neural network. Then the cell transmission model (CTM) is applied to predict the traffic evolutions in the toll plaza area. At last, the MPC‐based control framework is used to optimize the numbers of ETC and MTC lanes and the variable speed limit to minimize the total vehicle travel time in a rolling horizon. Micro‐simulation tests are carried out in VISSIM to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method. The simulation results show that the proposed control method can significantly improve the traffic performances at the toll plazas. The findings in this study can lead to field implementation of proactive control at toll plazas.
Encapsulated carbon black pigment was prepared by layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The RX8002 carbon black particles were well coated by a SiO2 layer, which makes it has good connection with ZrSiO4 layer. Meanwhile, dense ZrSiO4 layer was coated on the C@SiO2 particles surface to prevent the corrosive effects of glaze. The structure and morphology of samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chromatic value of the pigments was measured by the CIE color system. The results show that the carbon black particles can be well coated by SiO2 and ZrSiO4 layer. When the TEOS/H2O ratio is 0.002 and the ZrSiO4/C ratio is 0.71, the chromatic value of the encapsulated carbon black pigment is 42.55, and the pigment has a good stability in glaze.
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