Background
Several types of visual illusions can occur in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the prevalence and types of specific illusions experienced by patients with PD remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the types of illusions.
Methods
A questionnaire of visual illusions was developed through a literature review in consultation with clinicians and neurologists. Based on the questionnaire, 40 consecutive patients with PD were asked a series of Yes/No questions regarding 20 types of visual illusions since the onset of PD. If participants answered ‘Yes’, they were then asked to detail their experience(s).
Results
In total, 30 patients with PD had experienced visual illusions since disease onset; among them, 25 were still experiencing them at the time of the study. The most commonly observed illusion types were dysmorphopsia, complex visual illusions, metachromatopsia, and diplopia. Other observed illusions included textural illusions, macropsia, micropsia, teleopsia, pelopsia, kinetopsia, akinetopsia, Zeitraffer/Zeitlupen phenomena, tilt illusion, upside‐down illusion, and palinopsia. Additionally, aberrant perception of surface orientation (inclination) was reported, which is yet to be reported in association with any disease. Visual illusions had detrimental effects on the patients’ daily lives in some cases.
Conclusions
Systematic interviews regarding the incidence and details of visual illusions experienced by patients with PD could offer important information regarding their quality of life.
The results of electro -thermal analysis, which is widely known as hydrodynamic model, are strongly dependent on the mesh size of model. However, the theory and method of accurate mesh size have not investigated. In this paper, we presented the calculation errors caused by the mesh size by using several mesh size models. The calculation results show that the mesh size for lateral direction, i.e. direction from the source electrode to the drain electrode in MOSFET, does not strongly affect the calculated characteristics of MOSFET. On the other hand, the calculation results strongly depend on the mesh size for vertical direction, i.e. direction from the gate oxide to the bottom surface in MOSFET. Here, we proposed the mesh zoning method for electro -thermal analysis, which was derived from the theory of the semiconductor physics. The calculation results with our mesh zoning method showed good accuracy compared to the results of the fine mesh. Since the mesh zoning means the reduction of mesh number, as a result, our mesh zoning method could reduce the calculation time by at least 30 times.
We experimentally and numerically examined the magnetic properties of magnetic materials under room-and high-temperature inverter excitations. We show that the iron loss and hysteresis properties of magnetic materials under pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter excitation depend strongly on the temperature dependence of semiconductor characteristics. The iron loss under PWM inverter excitation decreased as the temperatures of semiconductors (Si-insulated gate bipolar transistors and Si-diodes) increased. In addition, it was found that the rate of change of iron loss based on the temperature dependence of semiconductor characteristics at a high carrier frequency was larger than that at a low carrier frequency.
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