We consider a baryogenesis scenario via the oscillation of right-handed
neutrinos with Majorana masses of the order of GeV, which are also responsible
for neutrino masses by the seesaw mechanism. We study how the initial condition
alters the prediction of the present baryon asymmetry by this mechanism. It is
usually assumed that the abundance of right-handed neutrinos is zero after the
reheating of the inflationary universe and they are produced in scattering
processes by the renomalizable Yukawa interaction. However, the
higher-dimensional operator with right-handed neutrinos may provide an
additional production which is most effective at the reheating epoch. It is
shown that such an initial abundance of right-handed neutrinos can
significantly modify the prediction when the strong washout of the asymmetry is
absent. This leads to the parameter space of the model for the successful
baryogenesis being enlarged.Comment: 24 pages, 35 figures, v2; correspond to published versio
Rapid detection of heavy metals in solution is necessary to ensure human health and environmental protection. Some heavy-metal compounds are present in solution as compounds instead of as ions owing to their low ionization. Therefore, the development of sensor devices for the detection of heavy-metal compounds is important. In this study, as a proof of concept, we propose a sensor device using graphene and a chelating agent, which were used to develop an identification technique for three types of cadmium compounds. Pristine-graphene and two types of chelator-modified graphene-based sensors were successfully used to detect cadmium compounds at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1000 μM. The detection time was less than 5 min. The three type of graphene-based sensors responded differently to each cadmium compound, which indicates that they detected cadmium as a cadmium compound instead of as cadmium ions. Furthermore, we successfully identified cadmium compounds by operating these three types of sensors as a sensor array on the same substrate. The results indicate that sensors that focus on heavy-metal compounds instead of heavy-metal ions can be used for the detection of heavy metals in solution.
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