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Purpose To determine the frequency, symptoms and risk factors for adverse reactions to two‐times instillation of 1% cyclopentolate in children. Study design Prospective, observational study. Methods The subjects were 646 patients who underwent cycloplegic refraction with cyclopentolate (mean age; 7.0 ± 3.5 years, age range; 0–15 years). Five minutes after instillation of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride, a 1% cyclopentolate eye drop was instilled twice, with an interval of 10 min. Fifty minutes later, two certified orthoptists evaluated adverse reactions using a questionnaire and interviewed the patients' guardians. The relationship between the adverse reaction rates and age, gender, additional instillation, complications of the central nervous system (CNS), time of day and season were analysed using binominal and polytomous logistic regression models. Results The overall frequency of adverse reactions was 18.3% (118/646 patients). The main symptoms included conjunctival injection (10.5%, 68/646), drowsiness (6.8%, 44/646) and facial flush (2.2%, 14/646). The odds ratio (OR) of conjunctival injection increased with patient’s age (p < 0.05), in boys (p < 0.01) and in winter (p < 0.001). In contrast, the OR of drowsiness decreased with age (p < 0.001). Facial flush was observed mostly in children younger than 4 years. CNS complications were not a significant risk factor for any of the symptoms. Conclusions Adverse reactions to 1% cyclopentolate eye drops were more frequent than previously expected, but all were mild and transient. The probability of each symptom was associated with a clear age‐specific trend.

Purpose To report the profile of peripheral refraction in Japanese children with mild to moderate myopia and compare it with reported data from other countries. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods Subjects were 76 Japanese children with myopia (mean± SD [range] spherical equivalent, −3.04±0.98 [−0.50 to −4.50] D; mean age, 10.0±1.5 [6-12] years). We performed cycloplegic refraction using an open-field autorefractor FR-5000 (Grand Seiko) while the subject looked at external fixation targets located at 0, ±15, ±30 degrees from the center along the horizontal meridian. Only the right eye data were analyzed after converting the readings to the power vector of M (spherical equivalent), J 180 , and J 45 . ResultsThe profile showed a clear hyperopic shift of M from the fovea to the peripheral retina, although a wide intersubject variation existed. At the gaze positions of ±30 degrees, the mean relative M were +1.16±0.89 D and +1.64±1.02 D (nasal and temporal retina, respectively). Those for J 180 were −0.94±0.30 D and −0.70±0.30 D (nasal and temporal retina, respectively). The mean J 45 remained small (≦ 0.17 D) within this range of eccentricity. There was no correlation between the relative M at the gaze position of −30 degrees and on-axis refraction, axial length, or children's age (p > 0.05). Conclusions The profile of peripheral refraction was similar to that reported in children with moderate to high myopia in other East Asian countries. In this cohort, we did not find evidence supporting a hypothesis that greater myopia and longer axial length are associated with a greater peripheral hyperopic shift of the refraction.

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Mita et al. (2010) devised a technique of comparing a visual acuity (VA) change in an individual with more accurate VA than conventional VA tests by significant difference examined logarithmic (Log) VA ± standard deviation (SD). Using this technique, in this study, we examined a relation between VA and the slope of the psychometric function in normal young subjects. Six occlusion foil conditions were employed (1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.1 and without the foil) under a full refractive correction. Ten normal young adults (22.8 years old on average) who have no ophthalmologic disease except ametropia participated in the measurement. The experiment was carried out with the constant method, a series of ten Landolt rings were used and each ring was presented 20 times randomly in a measurement. A 5.6-inch type of liquid crystal display driven by a computer, which has 1,280×800 pixels spatial resolution, was used to present the stimulus. In the normal young adults, the slope of the psychometric function did not change as the VA change systematically, and there was almost no correlation between them (r = −0.103).