The effects of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody on rumen fermentation and LPS activity were investigated during subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge. Eleven Holstein cattle (164 ± 14 kg) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Cattle were fed a roughage diet on days -11 to -1 (pre-challenge) and day 2 (post-challenge), and a high-grain diet on days 0 and 1 (SARA challenge). For 14 days, 0-, 2-, or 4-g of anti-LPS antibody was administered once daily through a rumen fistula. Ruminal pH was measured continuously, and rumen fluid and blood samples were collected on days -1, 0, 1, and 2. Significantly lower ruminal LPS activity on day 1 was observed in the 2-and 4-g groups than those in the 0-g group. In addition, significantly higher 1-hr mean ruminal pH on SARA challenge period (days 0 and 1) was identified in the 4-g group than in the 0-g group. However, rumen fermentation measurements (total VFA, VFA components, NH3-N and lactic acid) and peripheral blood metabolites (GLU, FFA, BHB, T-CHO, BUN, AST and GGT) were not different among the groups during the experimental periods. Therefore, anti-LPS antibody administration mitigates LPS release and pH depression without the depression of rumen fermentation and peripheral blood metabolites during SARA challenge in Holstein cattle.
The aim of this study was to prepare transparent polystyrene (PSt) hybrid materials containing silicone macromonomer. Silicone urethane methacrylate (SiUMA) was synthesized by the reaction between the hydroxyl end groups of a silicone macromonomer and the isocyanate group of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate (MOI), and copolymers with different weight proportions were prepared by copolymerization of styrene (St), SiUMA and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Though the prepared P(St-co-SiUMA) copolymers which had not introduced EGDMA were opaque, the prepared P(St-co-SiUMAco-EGDMA) copolymers were transparent, similarly to pure PSt. DSC and 1 H-NMR measurements were carried out to investigate the factors in this transparency in detail. From these measurement results, it was confirmed that the reactivity of the copolymerization had a significant influence on the transparency of the product. In addition, the contact angle of P(St-co-SiUMA-co-EGDMA) with 10 wt % SiUMA was greater than 908, which was a 108 improvement compared to pure PSt.
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