We present blood-mimicking fluids (BMFs) for the Doppler test object of medical ultrasound diagnostic instruments. Each of the acoustic velocity, density, and viscosity defined in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard is given as a constant value. However, the viscosity of human blood depends greatly on the shear rate of the blood. In accurate studies using a specified flow phantom, therefore, the BMFs with the appropriate viscosity are required. To formulate fluids with the viscosity ranging from 4 to 30 mPa&s, we have developed a new fluid made of glycols and water-soluble silicone oil. We have used ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triechylene glycol, and poly(ethylene glycol) for the fluid. The glycols have different viscosities depending on their molecular weight and their acoustic velocity and density are almost the same. By selecting the glycol with the optimum molecular weight, the viscosity of the fluid could be set at the desired value and the acoustic properties of this fluid satisfied the values of the acoustic velocity and density defined by the IEC standard.
Fragility fractures associated with age-related bone loss are of urgent concern worldwide because they reduce QOL and pose financial burdens for health care services. Currently, national data in Japan are limited. This study provides quantitative data for older patients throughout Japan who, although otherwise relatively healthy, sustained fragility fractures and were hospitalized for them. The National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan was accessed to target patients aged 65 years or older who sustained fractures between May 2013 and September 2014 and were not hospitalized for at least 13 months prior to fracture. We investigated whether the first fracture sustained was fragility related at any of four locations (proximal humerus, distal radius, vertebra, or femoral neck) and whether it necessitated hospitalization. Fragility fractures were identified in 490138 of 1188754 patients (41.2%, 345980 patients/ year; 1 : 4 male-to-female ratio). Regardless of gender, vertebral fractures were most common across the age cohorts studied (43286 males and 162767 females/year), and femoral neck fractures increased markedly with increased patient age. Approximately 80% of patients with femoral neck fractures were hospitalized (62.3% of males, 71.1% of females) compared with up to 10.4% of patients with other fragility fractures. Data provided in this study can be used as a baseline for evaluating the health economy and establishing health policy in Japan.
We present a blood-mimicking fluid (BMF) for the Doppler test object of medical diagnostic instruments. Accurate measurement in a flow Doppler test requires a BMF that has the acoustic velocity and density defined in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard, and furthermore, they must be stable over time. To formulate a fluid with the desired density and acoustic velocity, we have developed a new fluid made of glycerine and water-soluble silicone oil. The new BMF includes dispersed polystyrene particles as scatterers. The density of the liquid can be adjusted to maintain it at the same value as that of the polystyrene particles, thus ensuring neutral buoyancy of the particles. The MBF was stable over a period of 2 weeks, during which the density and acoustic velocity did not change.
We present a blood-mimicking fluid for the Doppler test object of medical diagnostic instruments. Accurate measurement in a flow Doppler test requires a blood-mimicking fluid (BMF) that has the acoustic velocity, density, attenuation coefficient, and viscosity defined in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard, and furthermore, they must be stable over time. To formulate a fluid with the desired density and acoustic velocity, we have developed a new fluid made of glycerine and water soluble silicone oil. The BMF is dispersed polystyrene particles as scatters in the new fluid. The density of the liquid can be adjusted to maintain the density of the liquid at the same value as that of the polystyrene particles, thus ensuring neutral buoyancy of the particles. The blood-mimicking fluid was stable overlong term, and the acoustic velocity, density, attenuation coefficient, and viscosity of the fluid meet the specific values.
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