Existence of Zn-As and Ga-Se interfacial layers were suggested by transmission electron microscopy in Zn treated and Se treated or reacted ZnSe/GaAs interfaces, respectively. High densities of As precipitates and Shockley partials were introduced in films with Zn treatment on a c(4×4) As-rich GaAs surface. In addition, high densities of vacancies and Shockley partials were obtained in samples with a Se-reacted ZnSe/GaAs interface. Formation of the Shockley partials may originate from the stacking errors induced by disordering of Zn- or Ga-interstitials on the GaAs surface.
We present a blood-mimicking fluid (BMF) for the Doppler test object of medical diagnostic instruments. Accurate measurement in a flow Doppler test requires a BMF that has the acoustic velocity and density defined in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard, and furthermore, they must be stable over time. To formulate a fluid with the desired density and acoustic velocity, we have developed a new fluid made of glycerine and water-soluble silicone oil. The new BMF includes dispersed polystyrene particles as scatterers. The density of the liquid can be adjusted to maintain it at the same value as that of the polystyrene particles, thus ensuring neutral buoyancy of the particles. The MBF was stable over a period of 2 weeks, during which the density and acoustic velocity did not change.
We present a blood-mimicking fluid for the Doppler test object of medical diagnostic instruments. Accurate measurement in a flow Doppler test requires a blood-mimicking fluid (BMF) that has the acoustic velocity, density, attenuation coefficient, and viscosity defined in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard, and furthermore, they must be stable over time. To formulate a fluid with the desired density and acoustic velocity, we have developed a new fluid made of glycerine and water soluble silicone oil. The BMF is dispersed polystyrene particles as scatters in the new fluid. The density of the liquid can be adjusted to maintain the density of the liquid at the same value as that of the polystyrene particles, thus ensuring neutral buoyancy of the particles. The blood-mimicking fluid was stable overlong term, and the acoustic velocity, density, attenuation coefficient, and viscosity of the fluid meet the specific values.
Introduction Clozapine is the gold standard of treatment for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. However, approximately 60% of those patients do not respond to clozapine; moreover, clinical outcomes after clozapine discontinuation are unclear so far. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to clarify the outcomes after clozapine discontinuation. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted, using MEDLINE and Embase with the following keywords: (clozapine AND (cessation* OR cease* OR withdraw* OR discontinu* OR halt* OR stop* OR switch*) AND (schizophreni* OR schizoaffective)). Results A total of 28 clinical studies from 27 articles were identified and included in this systematic review. Three randomized controlled trials reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms. In 10 single-arm studies, the results of worsening and improving psychiatric symptoms were inconsistent. In one large retrospective cohort study, clozapine rechallenge, olanzapine, and antipsychotic polypharmacy had lower rehospitalization rates compared to no medication after clozapine discontinuation. In the other 14 retrospective studies, the vast majority showed worsening of clinical status after clozapine discontinuation. Among five studies on clinical outcomes after clozapine rechallenge, four reported improvements in clinical status in more than half of patients who rechallenged clozapine. The remaining study reported that the clozapine discontinuation-rechallenge group had a worse remission assessment score than the clozapine discontinuation-no rechallenge group. Discussion Clinical outcomes generally worsen after clozapine discontinuation. Clozapine rechallenge and olanzapine may be considered following clozapine discontinuation. The outcomes after clozapine discontinuation in clozapine non-responders remain inconclusive; therefore, well-designed studies are warranted.
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