Wool fabrics were graft copolymerized with methacrylamide (MAAm) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in aqueous media, using a chemical redox system as an initiator. After grafting, the mechanical properties related to the hand evaluation, such as tensile, shearing, bending, compression and surface properties of wool fabrics, were evaluated by means of the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric. The surface morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the surface morphology and low-stress mechanical properties of wool fabrics were remarkably changed after grafting with HEMA. The weight gain of the wool fabrics grafted with HEMA increased rapidly in the initial grafting stage and reached saturation level at 17 wt% after 20 minutes. Small deposits of oligomers were visible on wool surfaces and typical scale patterns were changed after grafting wool fabric with HEMA. The slope of the shearing hysteresis curves in the weft and warp directions for wool fabrics grafted with HEMA was increased compared with the control and wool fabrics grafted with MAAm. These results imply that the changes in tensile, shearing, bending and compression behavior of grafted wool fabrics are due to the reduction of the free internal volumes of the fabrics, leading to a tightening of its texture.
The change in electrochemical property of 12%Cr ferritic steam turbine steels with creep was investigated to examine an applicability of electrochemical material characterization method as a procedure for creep damage assessment. The anodic polarization curve measurement was applied to several creep test specimens with various degrees of damage. Experimental results revealed that a single current peak appeared at around +150-200 mV during the measurement. The electrical charge of the peak (F) could be expressed as a function of the volume fraction (V), the average size (r) and the Cr content (a) of M23C6 carbide, i.e., F = 70890×r×V×a. This result suggested that the peak current density, Ip, mainly reflected the size of M23C6 carbide because two other variables showed no significant change. The Ip increased with accumulating the creep damage, and this increment was more pronounced in the long-term creep region. There was a good correlation between the Ip and the Vickers hardness. It was also found that the applied stress and the creep life fraction of creep damaged samples could be predicted based on the measured Ip. Additionally, the electrochemical property of actual turbine components (high middle pressure rotor and casing) was measured using the portable electrochemical cell for on-site measurement. The results obtained in this study indicated that this electrochemical material characterization method was a potential procedure for creep damage assessment for turbine components.
the weathering rate of rocks and minerals by two principal mechanisms. The first is mechanical breakdown caused by root elongation. The other is chemical reaction associated with the physiological activity of the plants, in the form of respiration, hydration, inorganic ion nutrient ingestion, transpiration, and root exudations. All these processes are responsible for substantial changes in the rhizospheric conditions such as pH and redox conditions
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