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Background: Preeclampsia is associated with a quantitative imbalance between lipid peroxide and an antioxidant coproduced in the placenta. To investigate our hypothesis that 2-hydroxyestradiol 17-sulfate (2-OH-ES) is the placental antioxidant during pregnancy, we developed an assay for 2-OH-ES in urine and studied samples from women with and without preeclampsia. Methods: The detection and measurement of 2-OH-ES in the urine of pregnant women were performed by RIA using highly specific antiserum to 2-OH-ES. To confirm the reliability of the RIA method, the same samples were analyzed by HPLC using an electrochemical detector. Results: Urinary 2-OH-ES values obtained by RIA showed a close relationship to those obtained by HPLC (y = 1.1x − 0.01; r = 0.96). The urinary 2-OH-ES concentrations during the first, second, and third trimesters were 2.0 ± 0.6 (mean ± SE, n = 13), 5.3 ± 1.3 (n = 21), and 15.3 ± 2.0 μg/mg creatinine (n = 54), respectively, and <0.15 μg/mg creatinine (n = 10) at 2–24 h after delivery. The concentrations in preeclamptic women during the third trimester were significantly lower, 3.9 ± 1.9 μg/mg creatinine (mean ± SE, n = 12). Conclusions: RIA can be used to measure urinary 2-OH-ES during pregnancy. The increase in urinary 2-OH-ES during gestation, its decrease after delivery, and the lower values in preeclampsia are consistent with a role of 2-OH-ES as a placental antioxidant.

Some reports have suggested the ameliorative effects of estrogens on clinical symptoms, such as short memory, in women suffering from senile dementia-Alzheimer's type, in vivo. The action mechanism of estrogen remains to be clarified, but 1) an anti-depressive effect, 2) improvement of cerebral blood flow, 3) direct stimulation of neuron, 4) development of gliacyte and 5) suppression of apolipoprotein E have been suggested. Some mechanisms may be combined, contributing to the beneficial effects on clinical symptoms.

Abstract.2-Hydroxyestradiol 17-sulphate (2-OH E2-17-S) is a catecholized form of sulphated estrogen. In vitro studies showed that its antioxidative effect is almost equal to that of free catecholestrogens, such as 2-OH E2 or 4-OH E2 and a-tocoferol, but the existance of 2-OH E2-17-S in human serum has not yet been made clear. 2-OH E2-17-S strongly antagonizes lipid peroxidation, and so it may play an important role in pregnancy, for example as an anti-oxidant in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). The serum level of 2-OH E2-17-S was measured during mid to late pregnancy by a direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) without hydrolysis. The serum levels at 28-31 weeks, 32-35 weeks and 36-40 weeks of gestation were 4.68 ±0.93 (mean ± SE), 8.38 ± 1.21 and 18.31 ± 3.41 nmol/l, respectively.The serum level in PIH cases at 36-40 weeks (4.64± 1.29 nmol/1) was significantly lower than that in normal pregnancy.The 2-OH E2-17-S level in umbilical arteries was significantly higher than that in maternal peripheral vein. These results suggest that the feto-placental unit plays an important role in catecholizing E2-17-S to 2-OH E2-17-S, which may act as an antioxidant in pregnancy.

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Survey on the growth of infants fed on three different feeding ways Recently it has been said that the growth of infants fed on mixed and artificial feeding

Survey on the growth of body weight of infants Seasonal variation of the growth of body weight of infants was investigated by 928 babies born in Tokyo city.The greatest increase of body weight till 6th month after birth was shown by both boys and girls born in spring, while that of the growth till 12th month after birth was sbown by boys born in spring and girls born in summer.

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