A method was developed for determination of inorganic anions, including nitrite (NO(2)(-)), nitrate (NO(3)(-)), bromide (Br(-)), and iodide (I(-)), in seawater by ion chromatography (IC). The IC system used two dilauryldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB)-coated monolithic ODS columns (50 × 4.6 mm i.d. and 100 × 4.6 mm i.d.) connected in series for separation of the ions. Aqueous NaCl (0.5 mol/L; flow rate, 3 mL/min) containing 5 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 5) was used as the eluent, and detection was with a UV detector at 225 nm. The monolithic ODS columns were coated and equilibrated with a 1-mmol/L DDAB solution (in H(2)O/methanol, 90:10 v/v). The hydrophilic ions (NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), and Br(-)) were separated within 3 min and the retention time of I(-) was 16 min. No interferences from matrix ions, such as chloride and sulfate ions, were observed in 35 ‰ artificial seawater. The detection limits were 0.6 μg/L for NO(2)(-), 1.1 μg/L for NO(3)(-), 70 μg/L for Br(-), and 1.6 μg/L for I(-) with a 200-μL sample injection. The performance of the coated columns was maintained without addition of DDAB in the eluent. The IC system was successfully applied to real seawater samples with recovery rates of 94-108 % for all ions.
We have proposed a processor called Auto Memoization Processor which is based on computation reuse. Un til now, we have implemented the auto-memoization mechanism on a single-issue non-pipelined SPARC processor and studied the processor. The processor dynamically detects functions and loop iterations as reusable blocks, and memoizes them automatically.In addition, the processor can apply computation reuse to the blocks with a little reuse overhead. However, the fine evaluation result of the processor may not guarantee enough practicality. This is because instead of such a simple architecture, superscalar architectures are now widely used for generic processors for PCs, embedded processors, and other various processors. Hence, we examine problems which will be caused in the case of implementing the auto-memoization mechanism on an ARM based superscalar processor and design the ARM-based Auto Memoization Processor. For example, one of such problems is that pipeline stalls are caused because of the reuse overhead. To solve this problem, we implement a mechanism for overlapping the reuse overhead and the pipeline execution of the processor. The evaluation result with SPEC CPU95 benchmark suite shows that the ARM-based Auto-Memoization Processor can also achieve speed-up as well as the previous SPARC-based Auto-Memoization Processor. In this paper, we describe the implementation and the evaluation result of the ARM-based Auto-Memoization Processor.
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