Mount Lawu is one of the highest inactive volcanoes in Java Island, Indonesia. Mount Lawu attracts people to cultivate its area for agriculture, but without proper management, the biodiversity in Mount Lawu is in threat. This research aimed to get information about diurnal bird diversity on the western slope of Mount Lawu which includes a forest area (FA), an agroforestry area (AA), and a residential area (RA). Data collection was performed through point count method in 5 to 6 point per sites within certain time intervals after dawn and before sunset. There were 61 bird species from 26 families with a total number of 1416 birds being observed. The diversity index of the western slope was 2.480, and the highest Hmax among observed areas was the forest area (3.714). Collocalia linchi (Di 37.92) and Pycnonotus aurigaster (Di 19.42) were very common almost in all observation areas. The most similar ecosystem was FA and AA (J 0.176), followed by AA and RA (J 0.24), and FA and RA (J 0.393). A better management of Mount Lawu is necessary to improve human and biodiversity wellness. The result of this study could be used as additional data to consider a stronger protection for the biodiversity in Mount Lawu.

The objective of this study was to detect three non-halal meat products consisted of dog, pork, and rat species in meatball using novel multiplex-PCR with 12S rRNA gene as target sites. A total of 33 self-made meatballs were used, and they were grouped into eleven types of meatball based on meat species origin contained in the meatballs. Each type consisted of three meatballs. Extraction of genomic DNA from the meatballs was used as a DNA template for simplex-, duplex-, and multiplex-PCR processes. The result of simplex-PCR, duplex-PCR, and multiplex-PCR showed that the 12S rRNA primer gene successfully amplified DNA for each species bovine, dog, pig, and rat, which are respectively indicated by 155, 244, 357, and 491 bp of DNA bands. In addition, multiplex-PCR with 12S rRNA gene primers can be uniquely and accurately used for detection bovine, dog, pig, and rat species on beef meatball in one reaction.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate color and texture of meatballs made from beef, pork, rat, dog meats, and their mixtures. A total of 32 meatballs have been made and they were grouped into eight treatments containing four meatballs, respectively. Color intensity consisting of lightness(L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) has been tested using chromameter CR-400. Additionally, texture of meatballs consisting hardness, gumminess, springiness, chewiness was analyzed using AMETEX test and calibration instrument. The data obtained from this study was furthermore analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the pairwise differences among treatments were tested by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that L*, a*, b* were significantly different among treatments (P<0.01). The L* value of dog meat was different with beef, pork, and rat meat. Also, the a* value of beef was similar to pork and significant different with dog and rat meats, while b* value of dog meat was different with other meats. The L*, a*, b* scores in mixture samples consistently represented the average value of color scores of samples consisting various species. Moreover, texture analysis indicated highly significant effect of treatments on hardness, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness (P<0.05). Highest hardness, gumminess, and chewinessscores were found in meatballs made from beefand rat, respectively. In addition, springiness of meatballs was relatively similar among treatments. This study concluded that meatballs made from different species and mixtures had different color and texture. Further study should be conducted to test whether color and texture analysis could be utilized for checking meat-based food adulteration and halalness.

The authenticity of meat bone meal (MBM) in animal feed is needed to be considered due to inappropriate feed ingredients for certain types of livestock may cause various diseases. This work was aimed to identify animal species in MBM using multiplex PCR assay with 12S rRNA gene as a target region. Total of eight DNA samples were extracted from three species (chicken, bovine, and porcine) which are used as positive controls and three MBM samples. The MBM samples were collected from three different importers. Additionally, a multiplex PCR assay has been performed to identify animal species in MBM. Multiplex PCR of 12S rRNA gene was designed to detect bovine, chicken, and porcine in MBM samples. The PCR products was visualized using 2% agarose gels under the UV light. The results showed that multiplex-PCR of 12S rRNA gene was able to identify bovine which is indicated by 155 bp of DNA band. Chicken and porcine were not found in MBM samples. Meat bone meal samples used in this study might be used to be a feedstuff for poultry, porcine, and other non-ruminants. In conclusion, Multiplex-PCR using mt-DNA 12S rRNA was effective and accurate technique to identify species contained in MBM samples.