Endoergic electron transport across vesicle bilayers from ascorbate (Asc-) in the inner waterpool to methylviologen (MV2+) in the outer aqueous solution was driven by the irradiation of pyrene derivatives embedded in the vesicle bilayers. The initial rate of MV2+ reduction is dependent on the substituent group of the pyrenyl ring; a hydrophilic functional group linked with the pyrenyl ring by a short methylene chain acts as a sensitizer for the electron transport. Mechanistic studies using (1-pyrenyl)alkanoic acids (1a-c) as sensitizers suggest that the electron transport is mainly initiated by the reductive quenching of the singlet excited state of the pyrene by Asc- and proceeds by a mechanism involving electron exchange between the pyrenes located at the inner and outer interface across the vesicle bilayer. We designed and synthesized novel unsymmetrically substituted pyrenes having both a hydrophilic group linked by a short methylene chain and a hydrophobic long alkyl group (5a-c), which acted as excellent sensitizers for the electron transport across vesicle bilayers.
An LC/MS/MS analysis method was developed for crustacean allergens, tropomyosin, and arginine kinase. A protein extract from shrimp was reduced, alkylated, and digested by trypsin. Peptide spectra were obtained using full scan analysis by LC/MS/MS, and we determined a sequence through a protein search. 22ADTLEQQNK30, 92IQLLEEDLER101, 113LAEASQAADESER125, 134SLSDEER140, 153FLAEEADR160, and 190IVELEEELR198 of tropomyosin and 152VSSTLSSLEGELK164 and 217TFLVWVNEEDHLR229 of arginine kinase were selected as the specific peptides, and optimal multiple-reaction monitoring conditions were used. The results obtained through the LC/MS/MS analysis correlated well with those using the ELISA method for various crustacean samples (r2>0.9). Moreover, unregulated species, such as krill or insects, which produce positive results in some crustacean ELISA assays, can be differentiated by LC/MS/MS. These findings suggest that LC/MS/MS analysis may be effective for crustacean food allergen analysis.
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