Although the technology is still in its early stages, presented models are considered useful in preoperative planning and patient and student education. There are multiple factors limiting the use of 3D printing in everyday healthcare, the most important being high costs and the time-consuming process of development. Promising early results need to be verified in larger randomized trials, which will provide more statistically significant results.
Anti-vaccination movement has existed as long as the vaccines themselves, but its mode of action and social influences evolved over time. Such attitude with no doubt has negative impact on vaccination rates and eradication of infectious diseases. In this study, we used an online survey to examine vaccination attitudes of Polish university students of various degree and specialties. A total of 1,386 questionnaires were completed, among them 617 from students attending medical schools and 769 from students of non-medical schools. Up to 95.24% (N = 1320) of the study subjects, among them 98.70% and 92.46% of students of medical and non-medical specialties, respectively, declared willingness to vaccinate their children. 47.19% (N = 654) of participants have a contact with anti-vaccination propaganda at least once in a lifetimes. 42.64% (N = 591) of respondents were aware of the existence of anti-vaccination movements; 45.35% (N = 414) of participants, including 306 (51.52%) and 108 (33.86%) students of medical and non-medical disciplines, respectively, considered such movements as a negative phenomenon. Vaccination attitudes of students from medical and non-medical universities differed considerably. Vaccination knowledge and awareness among the students from non-medical universities were rather poor, markedly lower than in the students of medical disciplines. Nevertheless, irrespective of their major, Polish students have considerable knowledge gaps with regards to vaccination and need additional education in this matter.
PurposeAlthough high costs are often cited as the main limitation of 3D printing (3DP) in the medical field, current lack of clinical evidence is asserting itself as an impost as the field begins to mature. The aim is to review clinical trials in the field of 3DP, an area of research which has grown dramatically in recent years.MethodsWe surveyed clinical trials registered in 15 primary registries worldwide, including ClinicalTrials.gov. All trials which utilized 3DP in a clinical setting were included in this review. Our search was performed on December 15, 2017. Data regarding the purpose of the study, inclusion criteria, number of patients enrolled, primary outcomes, centers, start and estimated completion dates were extracted.ResultsA total of 92 clinical trials with 252 patients matched the criteria and were included in the study. A total of 42 (45.65%) studies cited China as their location. Only 10 trials were multicenter and 2 were registered as international. The discipline that most commonly utilized 3DP was Orthopedic Surgery, with 25 (27.17%) registered trials. At the time of data extraction, 17 (18.48%) clinical trials were complete.ConclusionsAfter several years of case reports, feasibility studies and technical reports in the field, larger-scale studies are beginning to emerge. There are almost no international register entries. Although there are new emerging areas of study in disciplines that may benefit from 3DP, it is likely to remain limited to very specific applications.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11548-018-1793-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Surgical treatment is the most important part of therapy for endometrial cancer. The aim of the study was to define factors having the most significant impact on surgical treatment of endometrial cancer when using traditional and laparoscopic methods. In the study, we evaluated 75 females who were treated for endometrial cancer via laparoscopic surgery in 2019 and used a historical control of 70 patients treated by laparotomy in 2011. The evaluated risk factors included the method of surgery, type of lymphadenectomy, patient’s age, various obesity parameters, histological grading, cancer clinical staging, pelvic dimensions, previous abdominal surgeries, comorbidities, and number of deliveries. The duration of hospitalization, operation time, loss of hemoglobin, and procedure-related complications were used as parameters of perioperative outcomes. Multivariable linear regression analysis confirmed the following factors as being predictors of worse perioperative outcomes: laparotomy, abdominal obesity (waist circumstance and waist-to-hip ratio), range of lymphadenectomy, prior abdominal surgeries, and larger pelvic dimensions. Abdominal obesity is a significant risk factor in the treatment of endometrial cancer. Laparotomy continues to be utilized frequently in the management of endometrial cancer in Poland as well as elsewhere, and adopting a minimally invasive approach is likely to be beneficial for patient outcome.
Introduction. Aflatoxins are metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Due to the high prevalence of aflatoxin-containing products they are common issue of the observational studies. Observational studies have demonstrated the hepatotoxic effects of aflatoxins in humans. However, the exact pathogenetic mechanisms of the effect of aflatoxin B1 on the above-mentioned hepatotoxicity have not yet been known. Aim of the study. The aim of the study was to assess the toxic effects of different doses of aflatoxin B1. The analyze was performed using assessment of concentration of NF-κB in liver tissue homogenates after a 7-day intoxication with this mycotoxin. Material and methods. The studies were carried out on Wistar male rats which were selected randomly, according to the principle of simultaneity for the control group and the study groups. The concentration of NK-κB was determined by immunoenzymatic ELISA in the obtained supernatants of liver taken from decapitated animals. The statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 13.3 (Statsoft, USA). Results. The statistical significance of the difference between the concentrations in the control and study group receiving 1.0 mg/kg of aflatoxin B1 and between the control and study group who received aflatoxin B1 at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight (p <0,05) were demonstrated. A significant relationship was also found between the level of dose of aflatoxin B1 administered to the rats and the concentration of NF-κB. Negative correlations were obtained. The higher dose administered to rats - the lower level of measured concentration of NF-κB. Conclusions. The study of the influence of aflatoxin B1 on the level of NF-κB transcription factor may significantly contribute to understand the mechanism of its action, influence on inflammatory, apoptotic and carcinogenic processes in the liver and determine its safe level in food intended for humans and animals.
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