Inflammation markers such as NLR, PLR, and CRP are predictors of clinical outcome and could provide additional information to individualize treatment.

The aim of the study was to determine the prognostic value of expression levels of biomarkers selected on the basis of the literature: p53, Ki-67, survivin, β-catenin, E-cadherin and N-cadherin in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed on sections of primary papillary carcinoma of the bladder removed during transurethral resection of the tumor in 134 patients. The expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin was found in all analyzed cases and Ncadherin expression was demonstrated in 3.73% of the tissues examined. The expression of the p53 protein was confirmed in 96.27% of tissues examined. The expression of the Ki-67 protein was demonstrated in all analyzed cases. Survivin expression was found in 95.52% of the study group. Multivariate analysis confirmed the relationship between the recurrence-free survival (RFS) and the intensity of the nuclear reaction for p53 (HR 1417, 95% CI 1.001-2.007, p = 0.049) and survivin (HR 1.451; 95% CI 1.078-1.955; p = 0.014), the expression level of the Ki-67 protein expressed by the TS index (HR 1.146, 95% CI 1.116-1.823, p = 0.005) and the use of adjuvant BCG therapy (HR 0.218, 95% CI 0.097-0.489, p = 0.0002). The evaluation of Ki-67 expression and the intensity of nuclear staining for survivin and p53 may provide additional information that will allow more accurate stratification of the risk of NMIBC recurrence after TURBT.

Purpose In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypogonadism is more frequent than in the general population and its prevalence ranges between 40% and 60%. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of hypogonadism and its association with kidney function, body composition, inflammatory markers and lipid disorders in patients with CKD. Materials and Methods The study population consisted of 112 men aged ≥40 years in different stages of CKD: 33 participants with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , 27 men with eGFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , 17 predialysis patients with eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , and 35 men on hemodialysis therapy three times a week for more than 3 months (G5D stage). Total testosterone (TT) levels were measured and free testosterone (FT) levels were calculated. Body composition was assessed using bioimpedance spectroscopy (Body Composition Monitor, FMC). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica version 13.1. Results CKD stage was a strong predictor of hypogonadism (providing an information value of 0.83). The weight of evidence technique allowed us to differentiate the high-risk group, which was a group of patients with advanced CKD, defined as eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . In this group, the likelihood of hypogonadism was 69.23%. Another significant predictor of hypogonadism was lean tissue index (LTI). TT and FT levels were significantly lower in the advanced CKD group in comparison to the control group, whereas prolactin, luteinizing hormone and C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the advanced CKD group. The LTI was significantly lower in advanced CKD and was positively correlated with TT and FT. Conclusion Decreased eGFR and decreased LTI are predictors of hypogonadism associated with CKD. The study results suggest that hypogonadism screening should be carried out when eGFR deceases below 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 .

Introduction After transurethral resection of a bladder tumor, patients frequently have a recurrence of the disease, thereby requiring adjuvant therapy. Purpose The study aimed to determine the prognostic value of expression levels of p53, Ki-67, and survivin, and to develop a new prognostic model for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after transurethral resection of a bladder tumor. Methods The study group consisted of 101 patients with primary NMIBC. Univariate followed by multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to obtain a model including the smallest possible number of descriptive variables with the highest statistical significance and impact on risk. Results The RECINT model (RECurrence In Not Treated) including factors independently associated with cancer recurrence (tumor size [HR 1.148; p = 0.034], intensity of the color reaction for p53 [HR 1.716; p = 0.008], Ki-67 [HR 3.001; p = 0.022], and survivin [HR 1.461; p = 0.021]) adequately stratified recurrence free-survival (R 2 = 0.341, p < 0.001) in patients with primary NMIBC. Patients with the lowest RECINT score (0-6) had the lowest probability of cancer recurrence (1-and 5-year recurrence of 16%) in comparison with other groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions The RECINT model may be useful for stratifying the risk of recurrence in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and may allow for identification of those who may benefit the most from adjuvant BCG immunotherapy.

Our results demonstrate that PVP for patients with BPH is an effective and safe procedure with satisfactory long-term outcomes. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs did not significantly influence the results, or the complication rates.

Bladder cancer (BC) can be divided into two subgroups depending on invasion of the muscular layer: non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Its aggressiveness is associated, inter alia, with genetic aberrations like losses of 1p, 6q, 9p, 9q and 13q; gain of 5p; or alterations in the p53 and p16 pathways. Moreover, there are reported metabolic disturbances connected with poor diagnosis—for example, enhanced aerobic glycolysis, gluconeogenesis or haem catabolism.Currently, the primary way of treatment method is transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) with adjuvant Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy for NMIBC or radical cystectomy for MIBC combined with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. However, intravesical BCG immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors are not efficient in every case, so appropriate biomarkers are needed in order to select the proper treatment options. It seems that the success of immunotherapy depends mainly on the tumour microenvironment (TME), which reflects the molecular disturbances in the tumour. TME consists of specific conditions like hypoxia or local acidosis and different populations of immune cells including tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils and B lymphocytes, which are responsible for shaping the response against tumour neoantigens and crucial pathways like the PD-L1/PD-1 axis.In this review, we summarise holistically the impact of the immune system, genetic alterations and metabolic changes that are key factors in immunotherapy success. These findings should enable better understanding of the TME complexity in case of NMIBC and causes of failures of current therapies.

The results of this study showed that depending on the concentration and time of incubation genistein significantly affects glucose and lipid metabolism and at low concentration modifies expression pattern of a few genes in C2C12 cells.

In natural history of renal cancer there is a risk of metastatic spread to the head-and-neck region. Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen should be considered if a tumour of unknown origin is found within the head-and-neck region. Prognosis in case of confirmed metastatic renal cancer is unfavourable and patient's treatment should be conducted in specialist centres.