The study assessed pepper's tendency to absorb water vapour from the environment. This property depends on its fineness level, and should be regarded as the basic factor determining its storage stability. The scope of the study included the determination of the water content and activity of the analysed material; the determination of adsorption isotherms at 20°C as well as a mathematical description of sorption isotherms using the Brunauer, Emmett, Teller, Guggenheim, Anderson, De Boer, and Peleg models. Another aim of the study was to assess these models for describing surface phenomena and to evaluate selected parameters of the pepper particle surface microstructure as well as the parameters characterizing the energy phenomena accompanying adsorption as factors used to predict stability during storage. An analysis of the results demonstrated that commercial samples of black pepper of different fineness levels were characterized by a different water content and activity. Pepper with a low fineness level exhibited a higher monomolecular layer volume and a greater sorption-specific surface area. The analysed pepper samples did not differ significantly in terms of porosity or capillary capacity. The GAB and Peleg models empirically described the determined sorption isotherms of ground black pepper in the full range of water activity very well.
Attitudes with regard to food are good predictors of behavior and a good knowledge of it plays an important part in dietary education according to different groups of the population especially high-risk groups lacking nutrients. An evaluation of attitudes of persons aged 65+ with regard to new and unknown food as well as the acquaintance and degree of approval presented in examining convenience products with health-focused properties was the main aim of the research. The level of neophobia of dietary practices in terms of the examined group of women was lower comparing to the level in men. Consumption and/or the desire for trying out new, unknown food of a high nutritional value by the group of seniors aged 60+ is beneficial and can be used to popularize health-focused dietary practices in this population group. Therefore, taking educational actions by producers of convenience food with health-focused properties is vital and should be aimed at propagating a health-focused model of eating in circles of elderly people. Such undertakings should be based on quality features of the product, the need for rational trophism and the influence of bioactive elements on health.
The aim of this study was to estimate the content of exogenous antioxidants in kiwi fruits available in Gdynia, Poland, and their ability to reduce free radicals. The test material consisted of mini kiwi fruit (Actinidia arguta) of the ‘Hortgem Thai’ cultivar and kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) of the ‘Hayward’ cultivar. The carotenoid pigments were determined by the Lichtenthaler method, vitamin C in accordance with PN-A-04019:1998, polyphenols by the Folin-Ciocialteu method and the ability to reduce free radicals using a synthetic DPPH radical. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine the effect of fruit species on the quality traits analysed. The significance of differences between the means was determined using Tukey’s test. Relationships were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Correlation coefficients between the antioxidant activity of kiwi fruit and the content of exogenous antioxidants were also determined. The results showed that Actinidia arguta has significantly higher contents of exogenous antioxidants than Actinidia deliciosa. The antioxidant properties of this fruit were also found to be mainly due to its vitamin C content.
Streszczenie: Celem badań była weryfikacja hipotezy zerowej: poziomy badanych cech w czasie przechowywania groszku zielonego kształtowały się jako średnia arytmetyczna poziomów tych cech uzyskiwanych w warunkach skrajnych. Oznaczono zawartość barwników chlorofilowych i witaminy C, kwasowość czynną i ogólną, wyciek rozmrażalniczy, w groszku zielonym przechowywanym w temperaturze stałej: -18°C i -25°C, oraz zmiennej: -18°C/--25°C, z 48 godzinnym cyklem zmiany. Weryfikacja hipotezy zerowej wykazała, że wartości badanych cech nie były równe wypadkowej poziomów uzyskiwanych w warunkach skrajnych i w przypadku większości badanych wyróżników jakości w znacznym stopniu odbiegały od założonych wartości hipotetycznych.
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