The goal of this work is the critical analysis of premises influencing the concerns typically expressed by Polish consumers over the safety of venison. Risk factors which are indicated in literature as important to the safety of venison in consumers' eyes are discussed, including: 1) trichinosis, 2) genetic modifications, 3) hormones, and 4) toxoplasmosis. The critical analysis of literature data allowed concluding that the aforementioned factors do not increase the risk posed by venison consumption. It was additionally concluded that, in many aspects, the venison is definitely safer meat than meat of the livestock. An overview of literature data demonstrated, however, the potential threat to consumer health posed by wild game meat contamination with heavy metals. For this reason, contents of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury were determined in meat samples of 12 does of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) from the northern Poland. Results of determinations showed explicitly that the analyzed meat posed no risk associated with the content of heavy metals because contents of arsenic, cadmium, and mercury in 12 samples and lead content in 11 samples were below the detection limit, whereas lead content in one sample was determined at a very low level. In general, the results presented are consistent with literature data, however it needs to be noted that varying conditions of game habitat and factors associated with the hunt can contribute to increased contents of heavy metals in game meat.

A b s t r a c t. In this work we describe the kinetics and the extent of water desorption from the surface of natural organic particles under conditions of a magnetic field, with magnetic induction exceeding a thousand times the induction of a geomagnetic field. The scope of the present study included a comparative analysis of the kinetics and the extent of water vapour desorption under natural conditions and in an artificially-created magnetic field. The research material were potato starch particles that were characterized in terms of grain size. The results of the study showed that the impact of a strong magnetic field significantly affects both the kinetics of the process of water vapour desorption as well as its extent. Regardless of the test temperature, the magnetic field effect increased the kinetics and extent of the phenomenon under study. Starch particles dehydrated more rapidly and deeper under the influence of a strong magnetic field. This fact enables us to state that under conditions different than those occurring on the Earth's surface, the storage stability of organic particles will be significantly different from those observed in Earthlike conditions. This, in turn, may contribute to a radical change in the durability of food found in such conditions. The result of this experiment also raises hopes for the use of magnetic fields to reduce the costs associated with energy-intensive drainage processes. This may be of particular importance when dewatering substances sensitive to high temperatures. The results achieved also point to the feasibility of increasing the functional effectiveness of the facilities used for the dehydration of products sensitive to high temperatures.K e y w o r d s: magnetic field, increase in desorption kinetics, increase in the extent of desorption, food durability in extraterrestrial conditions * Work conducted from funds of the Gdynia Maritime University for scientific activity WPiT/2019/PZ/05

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The physical and adsorptive properties of three products of modified maize starch in terms of the susceptibility of starch granules to surface processes as affected by their physicochemical diversity was compared in this study, using five mathematical models. It was assumed that modification of native starch is an important factor affecting its adsorptive properties. The products under study differed significantly in terms of the distribution of the size and shape parameters of their granules. The Guggenheim, Anderson and de Boer equation, characterised by relatively low sums of square deviations and low and similar errors of their different parameters, was the most useful in the description of empirically determined isotherms of adsorption. Parameters of the Guggenheim, Anderson and de Boer equation were used to estimate the parameters of the product surface microstructure. Modification of native maize starch differentiated the size of the monolayer, specific surface of sorption, and characteristics of capillaries.

The aim of the study was to investigate the satiety levels following the consumption of groats and to analyze the relationships between selected nutrients found in the groats. A total of 54 women were enrolled in a crossover, single-blind study. The participants tested five types of groats (a 240-kcal portion for 180 min). The highest satiety was determined for oat groats and barley groats. The correlation analysis indicated that the satiety of the examined groats was correlated to the highest extent with the content of dietary fiber and hydration degree. Studies showed that the key role in the regulation of satiety could be played by the presence of soluble dietary fiber (SDF). The results of the study indicated that all studied types of groats are a good source of high satiety food. Due to their high satiety value, groats should be used in the prevention and dietary treatment of people with excess body weight.

A b s t r a c t. This study evaluated the kinetics of water vapour adsorption on the surface of starch molecules derived from wheat. The aim of the study was to determine an equation that would allow estimation of water content in tested material in any timepoint of the adsorption process aimed at settling a balance with the environment. An adsorption isotherm of water vapour on starch granules was drawn. The parameters of the Guggenheim, Anderson, and De Boer equation were determined by characterizing the tested product and adsorption process. The equation of kinetics of water vapour adsorption on the surface of starch was determined based on the Guggenheim, Anderson, and De Boer model describing the state of equilibrium and on the model of a first-order linear inert element describing the changes in water content over time.

The study assessed pepper's tendency to absorb water vapour from the environment. This property depends on its fineness level, and should be regarded as the basic factor determining its storage stability. The scope of the study included the determination of the water content and activity of the analysed material; the determination of adsorption isotherms at 20°C as well as a mathematical description of sorption isotherms using the Brunauer, Emmett, Teller, Guggenheim, Anderson, De Boer, and Peleg models. Another aim of the study was to assess these models for describing surface phenomena and to evaluate selected parameters of the pepper particle surface microstructure as well as the parameters characterizing the energy phenomena accompanying adsorption as factors used to predict stability during storage. An analysis of the results demonstrated that commercial samples of black pepper of different fineness levels were characterized by a different water content and activity. Pepper with a low fineness level exhibited a higher monomolecular layer volume and a greater sorption-specific surface area. The analysed pepper samples did not differ significantly in terms of porosity or capillary capacity. The GAB and Peleg models empirically described the determined sorption isotherms of ground black pepper in the full range of water activity very well.

Żyłka K, Ocieczek A. Attitudes of Polish adolescents towards energy drinks. Part 1. Development, validation and reliability testing of a scale to identify attitudes towards energy drinks.