An increased level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a very well established risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD). Unoxidized LDL is an inert transport vehicle of cholesterol and other lipids in the body and is thought to be atherogenic. Recently it has been appreciated that oxidized products of LDL are responsible for plaque formation properties previously attributed to the intact particle. The goal of this article is to review the recent understanding of the LDL oxidation pathway. The role of oxidized products and key enzymes (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and carboxyl ester lipase) are also extensively discussed in the context of clinical conditions.
The non-selective, post-emergence herbicides based on glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] are one of the most widely used pesticides in agriculture, urban areas and forestry. Although there has been documentation on the physical, chemical and toxicological properties of glyphosate, the aquatic toxicity of such formulations still requires assessment and evaluation. In the present study, we describe deliberate use of glyphosate-based herbicide in a bathing area of Lake Lednica (Wielkopolska, Poland) by unknown perpetrators in April, 2011. Glyphosate was detected using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the water samples collected from the bathing area at a mean concentration of 0.09 mg dm-3. Aboveground parts of emerged macrophytes (Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia) covering the investigated area were completely withered. Studies of benthic macroinvertebrates revealed no significant differences in taxa number between event (13 taxa) and control (14 taxa) sites although differences in abundance of particular taxa were observed. Significantly lower numbers of Chironomidae (by 41%), Oligochaeta (by 43%), Vivipariae (by 75%), Hirudinae (by 75%), Asellus aquaticus (by 77%), Gammarus pulex (by 38%) and Dreissena polymorpha (by 42%) were found at the glyphosate-treated site. Furthermore, compared to the control, chironomids (Chironomidae) exposed to glyphosate were represented by specimens smaller in length while A. aquaticus only showed large adults. The ranges of glyphosate concentration in the tissues of sampled macroinvertebrates and Phragmites australis organs were 7.3-10.2 μg kg-1 and 16.2-24.7 μg kg-1, respectively. Our study indicates that glyphosate-based herbicides may have adverse effects on aquatic organisms including macroinvertebrates, thus their use in (or nearby) surface waters should be subject to strict limitation.
LDL, total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) are poor predictors of the cardiovascular risk among patients undergoing hypolipidaemic therapy with statins. Thus, in this pilot study we have attempted to determine, on the basis of routinely used assessments of lipid profiles, sensitive and inexpensive parameter which would associate with the severity of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing hypolipidaemic treatment who achieved LDL goal. Apolipoprotein (apo) B100, apoA1, LDL, triglycerides, HDL, lipoprotein (a) and TC levels were assessed in 140 patients referred for coronary angiography. The various ratios based on lipid parameters were calculated and compared to patients taking statins. Coronary arteriosclerosis was determined by the degree of single stenosis and quantitatively by applying the Gensini score. Uing multivariate analysis we have found that in the group with hypolipidaemic therapy and/or with treatment LDL target (70–100 mg/dL) the TC/apoB100 ratio was associated with coronary artery stenosis. Additionally, univariate analysis showed that the TC/apoB100 ratio (among treated subjects) was significantly lower in patients with haemodynamically significant stenosis of coronary arteries than in matched patients without coronary artery lesions.
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