An increased level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a very well established risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD). Unoxidized LDL is an inert transport vehicle of cholesterol and other lipids in the body and is thought to be atherogenic. Recently it has been appreciated that oxidized products of LDL are responsible for plaque formation properties previously attributed to the intact particle. The goal of this article is to review the recent understanding of the LDL oxidation pathway. The role of oxidized products and key enzymes (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and carboxyl ester lipase) are also extensively discussed in the context of clinical conditions.
LDL, total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) are poor predictors of the cardiovascular risk among patients undergoing hypolipidaemic therapy with statins. Thus, in this pilot study we have attempted to determine, on the basis of routinely used assessments of lipid profiles, sensitive and inexpensive parameter which would associate with the severity of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing hypolipidaemic treatment who achieved LDL goal. Apolipoprotein (apo) B100, apoA1, LDL, triglycerides, HDL, lipoprotein (a) and TC levels were assessed in 140 patients referred for coronary angiography. The various ratios based on lipid parameters were calculated and compared to patients taking statins. Coronary arteriosclerosis was determined by the degree of single stenosis and quantitatively by applying the Gensini score. Uing multivariate analysis we have found that in the group with hypolipidaemic therapy and/or with treatment LDL target (70–100 mg/dL) the TC/apoB100 ratio was associated with coronary artery stenosis. Additionally, univariate analysis showed that the TC/apoB100 ratio (among treated subjects) was significantly lower in patients with haemodynamically significant stenosis of coronary arteries than in matched patients without coronary artery lesions.
the use of a balloon catheter is the most popular single -shot ablation technique in AF treatment. In the large FIRE AND ICE trial, 2 cryoablation was proved to be noninferior to radiofrequency ablation with respect to its efficacy. Moreover, the total procedure time and catheter dwell time in the left atrium were significantly shorter in the cryoballoon group at the cost of longer fluoroscopy time. There was also a significant difference in the occurrence of phrenic nerve injury (PNI). This complication was highly INTRODUCTION Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has become a standard treatment approach for symptomatic, drug -refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The experts recommend catheter ablation for paroxysmal (class I; level of evidence: A) and persistent (class IIa; level of evidence: B) AF. Catheter ablation should be also considered prior to initiation of antiarrhythmic treatment in symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF (class IIa; levels of evidence: B/C). 1 Cryoablation of pulmonary veins with
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