The aim of the paper is to identify some of the factors that affect the introduction of Industry 4.0 elements to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The article is concerned with factors that can be impulsive for SMEs and factors that, on the contrary, are limiting for SMEs to integrate Industry 4.0 into the enterprises. These factors are the result of a short brainstorming with some employees of 72 selected SMEs for case studies. The analysis of 1018 Czech SMEs showed that the introduction of Industry 4.0 is related to the size of the enterprise. Fisher’s Factorial Test based on a four-fold contingency table tested the data. The majority of medium-sized enterprises consider introducing digitization and robotization elements in the next 5 years, while in the case of micro-enterprises it was less than a half of the enterprises of the sample. At the same time, the relation between the enterprises with a written strategy and enterprises planning to implement Industry 4.0 was demonstrated.
The paper deal with the analysis of diff erence in labour productivity of farms categorised according to their size, to determine if the set subsidy system infl uences labour productivity in the size groups of the farms. The source of data for enterprises analysis was the fi rms database, which contains accounting data of 926 farms with at least one employee. The observed data were from the 6 year period (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012). The farms were divided, according to their size into four categories defi ned by the European Commission: micro, small, medium and large enterprises. The analysis of the labour productivity I based on the added value and labour costs revealed that there are big diff erences of the labour productivity levels in particular size groups of farms. The further analysis revealed that an adjustment of the farm approach of the labour productivity, when the paid operation subsidies are added (labour productivity II), changes this conclusion and the diff erences between particular size groups of farms decreased. Using -convergence, it was proved that the relative variability of the labour productivity II values decreased signifi cantly in the case of the medium-sized farms. We can say that subsidies signifi cantly infl uence the labour productivity in farms. On one hand, there is decrease of diff erences between the level values of particular size groups of farms; on the other hand, there is no signifi cant decrease its variability (except the medium-sized farms).
The main purpose of this paper is to consider the development of total factor productivity in the development of gross value added in individual sectors of the economy of the Czech Republic in the period from 1996-2011. The National Account was the source of the data. The paper addresses the importance of extensive and intensive sources of economic growth in individual sectors. It was found that the development of total factor productivity does not match the growth of gross value added. The growth of gross value added was significantly influenced by extensive and intensive sources of growth in all of the economy and its sectors. The hypothesis stating that if the total factor productivity rises faster than the gross value added, then the extensive factor is negative was accepted for all sectors of the economy. The influence of intensive factors was primarily found in the manufacturing and commercial service sectors. The results of this study indicate differences in the sources of growth in individual sectors. rate of real output can be separated into contributions from the growth rate of capital and labor and a residual from the total factor productivity growth
At first glance, it might seem that the economic aspects of sustainability in terms of waste management have resolved themselves already in areas of activity. In reality, however, companies in this area also need to address how to ensure their future operations. The primary priority for companies in the area of waste disposal is to provide efficient collection, sorting, and recycling, effectively using company resources. The goal of this paper was to explore the relation between capital intensity and the productivity of labour in companies in the waste sector in the countries of the Visegrad Group (V4), and consequently, to define the bonds among economic indicators in the form of the economic normal. The study used data from 875 enterprises from the V4 countries, which were divided into categories according to the development of capital intensity and labour productivity. This study found that companies mainly implement modest investment development, which was characterised by the high effectiveness of capital usage, diminishing labour productivity, low labour endowment, but at the same time, increasing profitability. The reason for the labour productivity decrease was due to the growing proportional cost of labour. This trend was typical for most of the large-sized and middle-sized companies, whereas for most small companies, there was a dominant severe capital development with decreasing labour productivity and relatively high profitability of incomes. The smallest representation takes companies with capital-intensive development with the positive development of all monitored economic indicators.
The aim of the article is to consider, on the basis of indicators of effectiveness of production factors, the development of particular member states of the EU in the period 1996-2015 and relations between them in connection with the real business cycle in the EU and different starting positions (groups according to GVA per worker). The hypothesis that the development of labour productivity in the established groups of countries and at the intervals of the real economic cycle differs statistically significantly was verified based on the ANOVA test. The analysis illustrated different development and reaction of indicators of productivity in the monitored groups of the EU countries to the cyclic development of economies. It has been confirmed that the states with worse starting conditions have greater growth intensity in productivity and the business cycle does not interfere with the efficiency of production factors to any real extent.
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