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care (18% globally) 11% felt they had 'never' or only 'sometimes' been treated with dignity and respect by their treatment team (9% globally). Conclusions: The survey demonstrates that a pan-European patient experience survey can take place. It also suggests more could be done across nations to improve lung cancer patients' experience, particularly involvement in decisions around treatment and care. We are grateful to all the patients who responded and shared their experiences.

Objective: It has been suggested that regional anesthesia may prevent post -operative exacerbation of obstructive sleep apnea. However, clinical evidence is lacking. We have hypothesized that post -operative exacerbation of sleep -disordered breathing is related to the anesthetic technique. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Orthopedic intensive care unit. Material and methods: The inclusion criterion was orthopedic surgery requiring anesthesia. Multichannel polygraphy sleep studies were performed one night before and four consecutive nights after surgery. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman's ANOVA were used. Results: Thirty -five patients completed investigations and were compared according to anesthetic techniques which included 1) general anesthesia (n = 11); 2) subarachnoid anesthesia with intrathecal morphine (n = 11); and 3) subarachnoid anesthesia (without intrathecal morphine) with epidural catheter for opioid -free post -operative analgesia (n = 13). Obstructive sleep apnea was diagnosed pre -operatively in 22 (63%) patients. In the general anesthesia group, hypopnea significantly increased on the third and fourth post -operative nights (p < 0.05). In the subarachnoid anesthesia with intrathecal morphine group, hypopnea and oxygen desaturation index decreased significantly on the first post -operative night and increased on the third and fourth post -operative nights as did the apnea-hypopnea index (all p < 0.05). In the subarachnoid anesthesia with epidural catheter group, there were no significant changes in sleep -disordered breathing parameters. In the subarachnoid anesthesia with epidural catheter group, the cumulative opioid dose was significantly lower compared to the other two groups. Conclusion: Compared to pre -operative findings, changes in sleep -disordered breathing events were less pronounced in patients who received subarachnoid anesthesia (without intrathecal morphine) with epidural catheter for opioid -free post--operative epidural analgesia.

Changes in antidiuretic substance (i.e., vasopressin) release from the cut pituitary stalk and the intact pituitary gland were observed during electrical stimulation of amygdala medial nucleus. Electrical pulses of 4 or 36 cycles per second (cps) were used and in both cases the same energy (about 2.160 nanowatt seconds) per 1.5-sec train of electrical pulses remained constant. Antidiuretic substance release from the hypothalamic end of the cut pituitary stalk and from the intact pituitary gland increased during the 36-cps electrical stimulation of amygdala medial nucleus, however the 4-cps electrical stimulation of this structure did not produce any changes in these processes. The results obtained indicate that the medial nucleus of amygdala is able to change the function of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system and can be motivated with high frequency stimulating pulses.

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