Behavioral Changes Following 4-Week Inhalation Exposure to Pseudocumene (1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene) in the Rat

Gralewicz, S; Wiaderna, Dorota; T, Tomas; Rydzyński, K

doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(97)00001-9

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Reproductive toxicity tests did not identify any effects on fertility (Lehotzky et al 1985a, McKee et al 1990). In subchronic neurotoxicity tests, there were no persistent changes in motor activity or functional observations and no pathological changes in the nervous system (Douglas et al 1993, Gralewicz et al 1997, Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001, Wiaderna et al 2002, although there have been reports of functional changes following the administration of pain (Gralewicz et al 1997, Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001, Wiaderna et al 2002. Genetic toxicity studies have mostly been negative (Schreiner et al 1989), although one C9 isomer was reported as mutagenic when tested under in vitro conditions (Janik-Spiechowicz et al 1998a, 1998b.…”

Section: Aromatic Solvents (C9-c12)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were three studies of similar design that were conducted to characterize the potential for repeated exposure to TMB isomers to cause chronic neurological effects (Gralewicz et al 1997, Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001, Wiaderna et al 2002. Rats were exposed to TMB isomers for periods ranging from 4 weeks to 3 months at exposure levels ranging from 25-250 ppm (125-1250 mg/m 3 ).…”

Section: Subchronic Neurological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Aromatic Solvents (C9-c12)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subchronic Neurological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…At the same exposure conditions, exposure to PS results in a decreased sensitivity to AMPH and susceptibility to sensitization by a repeated AMPH treatment. If the behavioural sensitisation to AMPH (and other psychostimulants) underlies some aspects of drug addiction, then the present results might indicate that, at least at certain exposure levels, exposure to HM increases exposure [21,22]. In those experiments, the passive avoidance test appeared to be the most sensitive in detection of the exposure effects.…”

Section: Ijomeh 2010;23(1) 91mentioning

confidence: 64%

“…the same as for toluene [20]. Some years ago in studies on rats we found that a subchronic (4-week) inhalation exposure to PS or HM at 25, 100 and 250 ppm resulted in long-lasting changes in behaviour [21,22]. The character of these changes, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting effects of 4-week inhalation exposure to pseudocumene or hemimellitene on sensitivity to amphetamine and propensity to amphetamine sensitization in the rat

Lutz¹,

Gralewicz²,

Wiaderna³

et al. 2010

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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Objectives: Some data suggest that increased behavioural sensitivity to psychostimulants may develop after exposure to volatile chemicals in common use. The purpose of the present experiment was to find out whether and in what way inhalation exposure to pseudocumene (PS) or hemimellitene (HM) at low concentrations alters behavioural sensitivity to the psychostimulant amphetamine (AMPH), and propensity to develop behavioural sensitization to AMPH. Material and Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were exposed 6 h/day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks to PS or HEM at 0, 25, 100 or 250 ppm. Behavioural sensitivity to AMPH was assessed by measuring locomotor activity of the animals in an open-field. Behavioural sensitization to AMPH was induced by a repeated AMPH treatment. Results: In rats exposed to HEM, the behavioural sensitivity to AMPH was increased, but remained unchanged in rats exposed to PS. The second testing revealed an augmented behavioural response to AMPH in control rats. In the HM exposed rats this augmenting was significantly more evident and in the PS exposed rats significantly less evident than in controls. For each of the two solvents, the concentration-effect relationship was nonlinear; out of the three concentrations used, 100 ppm was the most effective. Conclusions: The results confirm that low-level inhalation exposure to trimethylbenzene isomers may induce behavioural sensitisation and/or increase the susceptibility of the animals to develop this state upon repeated psychostimulant treatment. They show, however, that HM and PS differ markedly in their ability to induce such alterations.

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“…Radial maze test The 8-arm radial maze used in the present study, the experimental settings and the test procedure were described in detail earlier [19]. In short, water was used as the reward.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobehavioural functions in adult progeny of rat mothers exposed to methylmercury or 2,2', 4,4', 5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) alone or their combination during gestation and lactation

Gralewicz¹,

Wiaderna²,

Lutz³

et al. 2009

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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Objectives: Methylmercury (MeHg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Both are neurotoxic, especially for the developing brain. The main source of human exposure to MeHg and PCBs is seafood. The aim of the present work was to find out whether and how separate or combined perinatal exposure to these neurotoxicants affects neurobehavioural functions in maturity. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on adult Wistar rats, the progeny of rat mothers exposed to MeHg (0.5 mg/kg/day or 2.0 mg/kg/day), PCB 153 (1.0 mg/kg/day or 5.0 mg/kg/day), or to MeHg 0.5 mg/kg/day + PCB 153 5.0 mg/kg/day, from day 7 of pregnancy to day 21 post partum. The following functions were assessed: spontaneous locomotor activity (open field test), spatial short-term memory (radial maze test), long-term memory (passive avoidance test), sensitivity to pain and vulnerability to stress (hot plate test), efficiency of the sensorimotor gating (startle response test), and sensorimotor coordination (the rotarod test). Results:The results obtained in the MeHg part of the study showed a reduced locomotor activity in the female progeny of both exposed groups, an impaired passive avoidance in the male progeny of the high and low exposure group and a faster recovery from the effects of the stressful experience (hot plate test) in the male progeny of the high dose group. Results obtained in the PCB part showed an increased locomotor activity in the female progeny of both exposure groups and impairment in rotarod performance in males of the high dose group. Neurobehavioural alterations were not found in either the females or males exposed jointly to MeHg and PCB 153. Conclusions: The results suggest that in condition of the combined exposure, MeHg may protect against the effects of PCB 153 and vice versa.

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Behavioral Changes Following 4-Week Inhalation Exposure to Pseudocumene (1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene) in the Rat

Cited by 25 publications

References 22 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Contrasting effects of 4-week inhalation exposure to pseudocumene or hemimellitene on sensitivity to amphetamine and propensity to amphetamine sensitization in the rat

Neurobehavioural functions in adult progeny of rat mothers exposed to methylmercury or 2,2', 4,4', 5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) alone or their combination during gestation and lactation

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