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Objective - To describe the clinical, neurological, neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings associated with encephalopathy in patients admitted to a COVID-19 tertiary reference center. Methods - We retrospectively reviewed records of consecutive patients with COVID-19 evaluated by a consulting neurology team from March 30, 2020 through May 15, 2020. Results - Fifty-five patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 were included, 43 of whom showed encephalopathy, and were further divided into mild, moderate and severe encephalopathy groups. Nineteen patients (44%) had undergone mechanical ventilation and received intravenous sedatives. Eleven (26%) patients were on dialysis. Laboratory markers of COVID-19 severity were very common in encephalopathy patients, but did not correlate with the severity of encephalopathy. Thirty-nine patients underwent neuroimaging studies, which showed mostly non-specific changes. One patient showed lesions possibly related to CNS demyelination. Four had suffered an acute stroke. SARS-CoV-2 was detected by RT-PCR in only one of 21 CSF samples. Two CSF samples showed elevated white blood cell count and all were negative for oligoclonal bands. In our case series the severity of encephalopathy correlated with higher probability of death during hospitalization (OR = 5.5 for each increment in the degree of encephalopathy, from absent (0) to mild (1), moderate (2) or severe (3), p<0.001). Conclusion - In our consecutive series with 43 encephalopathy cases, neuroimaging and CSF analysis did not support the role of direct viral CNS invasion or CNS inflammation as the cause of encephalopathy.

Enquadramento: a automedicação envolve o uso de medicamentos para tratar distúrbios ou sintomas autodiagnosticados, ou o uso intermitente ou continuado de medicação prescrita por um médico para tratamento crónico ou doenças ou sintomas recorrentes. Objetivos: caraterizar a prática da automedicação nos estudantes do ensino superior da saúde. Metodologia: estudo quantitativo e descritivo. Amostra constituída por 301 estudantes. Recolha de dados com recurso a questionário e análise de dados efetuada através do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Resultados: verifica-se automedicação em 93,4% dos estudantes do ensino superior saúde. Os sinais e sintomas mais frequentes foram as cefaleias (29,8%), dismenorreia (13,5%) e febre (9,9%). Os medicamentos mais utilizados foram os analgésicos/antipiréticos (34,6%), os anti-inflamatórios (29,2%), vitaminas e sais minerais (7,4%). Conclusão: a automedicação entre os estudantes do ensino superior é elevada, pelo que é fulcral abordar esta problemática ao longo do curso de forma a minimizar os riscos associados a este consumo.

for their useful comments, José Gonzaga Rosa for granting access to the EIM database, and Michael Overesh for the data on corporate taxes.

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Our paper aims at analysing the relation between monetary policy and its transmission channels on both income and wealth inequality for the Euro Area. We analysed three different channels identified by the literature (Income, Portfolio and Earnings Heterogeneity) that might explain how monetary policy decisions may affect wealth and income distribution. In this empirical research we also set up a fourth regression combining all our selected explanatory variables with the goal of studying the impact of the aforementioned channels combined. For income inequality we analysed four different measures, namely Gini of disposable income (GDI), Gini of market income (GMI), share of income held by the top 1% and the share of income of the top 10% of society. In what regards to wealth inequality due to lack of data we had to create an alternative measure that can both translate the unequal savings rate of the Euro Area countries and evaluate the pace of capital accumulation in order to shed a light on the gap between high-income and low-income household's annual savings. So that our study could be conducted we developed an unbalanced panel data analysis for the Eurozone countries between 1999 and 2017. The results we reached led us to conclude that the increase in asset prices, mainly equity, seems to be relevant to explain an increase in income inequality. However, it seems that the positive impact that MP had on unemployment by reducing it, contributed to avoid a higher increase on income inequality in the Euro Area.

Our paper aims at analysing the relation between monetary policy and its transmission channels on both income and wealth inequality for the Euro Area. We analysed three different channels identified by the literature (Income, Portfolio and Earnings Heterogeneity) that might explain how monetary policy decisions may affect wealth and income distribution. In this empirical research we also set up a fourth regression combining all our selected explanatory variables with the goal of studying the impact of the aforementioned channels combined. For income inequality we analysed four different measures, namely Gini of disposable income (GDI), Gini of market income (GMI), share of income held by the top 1% and the share of income of the top 10% of society. In what regards to wealth inequality due to lack of data we had to create an alternative measure that can both translate the unequal savings rate of the Euro Area countries and evaluate the pace of capital accumulation in order to shed a light on the gap between high-income and low-income household's annual savings. So that our study could be conducted we developed an unbalanced panel data analysis for the Eurozone countries between 1999 and 2017. The results we reached led us to conclude that the increase in asset prices, mainly equity, seems to be relevant to explain an increase in income inequality. However, it seems that the positive impact that MP had on unemployment by reducing it, contributed to avoid a higher increase on income inequality in the Euro Area.

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