In this study, the authors created an overview of the usage of heat maps as a GIS visualization method. In the first part of the paper, a significant number of studies was evaluated, and the technique was thoroughly described to set up a base level for further research. At this moment, the most used input data for heat maps are point data. While these data fit the method very well, also studies based on line and polygon data were found. The second part of the paper is devoted to an exploratory study on traffic accident data of the Olomouc city, Czech Republic. Even spatial distribution of the dataset by geographical information system makes it the perfect example of heat map usage. These data were visualized in multiple ways changing color range, kernel size, radius, and transparency. Two groups of users were created in order to evaluate these heat maps. One group was consisting of those educated or working in cartography. The second one was consisting of the general public. Created heat maps were shown to these volunteers and their task was to decide their preferred solution. Most of the users chose bright colors with a negative feeling, such as red, for traffic accident visualization. The best settings for transparency was identified to be around 50%. The final questions were about map readability based on radius. This setting is tied to map scale but follows a common trend throughout the research. The results of this work are a general set of recommendations and specific evaluation of the exploratory study regarding traffic accidents spatial data. The general recommendations include basic principles of the method, implementation by GIS, suitable data and correct usage of heat maps. The evaluation is answering specific questions regarding heat map settings, style and presentation in the specific case.

This paper describes the process of very high-resolution thermal mosaic acquisition using low-altitude airborne remote sensing and the basic analysis of data regarding urban climate research. The process of data acquisition from flight planning to final mosaicking is described. A broadband thermal camera was mounted to a Cessna aeroplane for two flights over the city; one performed in the morning and one in the afternoon. The ground resolution of the final mosaic fluctuates between 90 and 105 cm. Gathered data had to be processed to acquire kinetic temperature values. The processing consisted of radiometric, geometric, atmospheric and emissivity corrections. As a result, two mosaics covering the city were created. The difference between the building canopy layer and ground level was investigated, and a 5°C increase was found during the day on the rooftop level. It was confirmed that natural materials do not heat as much as artificial ones. Local Climate Zones were used in the analysis as the spatial unit for comparison of the thermal regime at the neighbourhood level. To summarise, the possibilities of extreme resolution thermal remote sensing data acquisition and analysis are demonstrated.

Due to the recent advancements in thermal camera technology, it is easier than ever to acquire information about surface temperature in very-high or extreme spatial resolution from manned or unmanned airborne vehicles. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the possibilities of extreme resolution thermal data for urban climate research. The main dataset used for the work is thermal mosaic acquired by an aeroplane above the city of Olomouc in the morning and afternoon on 10 th July 2016. The spatial resolution of the dataset fluctuates between 90 and 100 cm per pixel edge. Auxiliary data used for the analysis included open data from European programmes Urban Atlas and CORINE Land Cover. For further analysis, building height information, material type and Local Climate Zones classification were used. The results show a possible comparison in various neighbourhoods and material types while maintaining reference units-Urban Atlas/CORINE Land Cover classes or Local Climate Zones. Verticality analysis shows a significant difference between ground and rooftop levels that need to be taken into account when investigating heat for quality of life. All the analyses confirmed knowledge about the difference between natural and artificial surfaces that most artificial surfaces tend to heat up much more during daytime and fail to cool down completely during the night-time. Moreover, this research lays the foundation to future urban climate research based on extreme resolution thermal images over multiple areas or during long-lasting campaigns.

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ABSTRACT:In this paper authors processed five satellite image of five different Middle-European cities taken by five different sensors. The aim of the paper was to find methods and approaches leading to evaluation and spatial data extraction from areas of interest. For this reason, data were firstly pre-processed using image fusion, mosaicking and segmentation processes. Results going into the next step were two polygon layers; first one representing single objects and the second one representing city blocks. In the second step, polygon layers were classified and exported into Esri shapefile format. Classification was partly hierarchical expert based and partly based on the tool SEaTH used for separability distinction and thresholding. Final results along with visual previews were attached to the original thesis. Results are evaluated visually and statistically in the last part of the paper. In the discussion author described difficulties of working with data of large size, taken by different sensors and different also thematically.

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