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The European Commission wants to create a favourable policy environment for supporting the establishment and development of farmers' cooperatives and other producer organizations. This paper -for the first time -presents the results of an effectiveness measurement of the existing support measures for farmers' cooperatives throughout the EU (in eight agricultural sectors). More in particular, it is investigated whether the cooperatives market share is positively or negatively influenced by policy measures. The study identifies general trends, strengths, and weaknesses among the policy measures applied in the EU and the cooperatives' performance. Beeinflussen politische Maßnahmen die Position und die Performance von Agrargenossenschaften in der EU? Die Europäische Kommission will ein zur Förderung der Gründung und Entwicklung von Agrargenossenschaften und anderen Erzeugerorganisationen vorteilhaftes Politikumfeld schaffen. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert -erstmals -die Ergebnisse einer Effektivitätsbewertung bestehender Fördermaßnahmen für Agrargenossenschaften in der gesamten EU (in acht Agrarsektoren). Insbesondere wird untersucht, ob der Marktanteil der Genossenschaften positiv oder negativ von politischen Maßnahmen beeinflusst wird. Die Untersuchung ermittelt allgemeine Trends, Stärken und Schwächen unter den in der EU angewandten politischen Maßnahmen sowie die Performance der Genossenschaften.
The business model applied to the fresh tomato trade from Almería is well known in Spain and abroad. The changes in demand are forcing export companies to change their trade strategies to become or remain competitive. The purpose of this paper is to know the business structure and its export dynamics in addition to the changes in trade strategies made by companies in Almería during the 2009-2013 period. The methodology is based on the Herfindahl-Hirshmanindex and the foreign trade competitiveness index, whereas the congruence analysis is based on Pearson's correlation coefficients and the RV coefficient. We have also applied the dual multiple factor analysis to verify changes made to the trade policy in leading businesses between two periods or scenarios. The research shows that export-driven companies behave as a moderately concentrated structure and there is an increase in the number of exporters. The competitiveness map for Almería reveals the sector's trend with regard to the most important markets. We have verified the changes made to their trade strategy to adjust to changes in foreign trade between the 2008/09 and 2012/13 campaigns. Finally, it can be pointed out that, in the analyzed period, changes in the business model for fresh tomato trade of Almería have not been significant, being its structure of moderate concentration. In addition, the great majority of variations in strategies of companies to adapt to the competitive environment have been made by leading companies.Additional key words: Almería; business structure; price; competitiveness; trade management; trade strategies.Correspondence should be addressed to Jaime De Pablo-Valenciano: jdepablo@ual.esAbbreviations used: DMFA (dual multiple factor analysis); EU (European Union); FOB (free on board); FTCI (foreign trade competitiveness index); HHI (Herfindahl-Hirshman index).
Se estudió el estado de algunas iniciativas de Canales Cortos de Comercialización (CCC) en Panamá. Los objetivos fueron: identificar algunas fortalezas y debilidades existentes y contribuir con lecciones prácticas que ayuden a identificar formas en las que productores, consumidores y el sector público pueden actuar (e interactuar) para promover los CCC. La metodología consistió en revisión bibliográfica de casos y entrevistas. Como resultado se identifican fortalezas y debilidades de los casos panameños estudiados y se plantean recomendaciones. Las limitaciones fueron la escasa literatura científica sobre este tema en Panamá y la inexistencia de registros de los participantes en estas iniciativas. Se concluye que la participación de la comunidad es la principal fortaleza, mientras que la falta de capacitación adecuada es la principal debilidad.
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