This randomized clinical trial evaluated individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, combined individual and family therapy, and a group intervention for 114 substance-abusing adolescents. Outcomes were percentage of days marijuana was used and percentage of youths achieving minimal use. Each intervention demonstrated some efficacy, although differences occurred for outcome measured, speed of change, and maintenance of change. From pretreatment to 4 months, significantly fewer days of use were found for the family therapy alone and the combined interventions. Significantly more youths had achieved minimal use levels in the family and combined conditions and in CBT. From pretreatment to 7 months, reductions in percentage of days of use were significant for the combined and group interventions, and changes in minimal use levels were significant for the family, combined, and group interventions.
Developmental plasticity enables plants to respond to elevated ambient temperatures by adapting their shoot architecture. On the cellular level, the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor phytochrome interacting factor 4 (PIF4) coordinates this response by activating hormonal modules that in turn regulate growth. In addition to an unknown temperature-sensing mechanism, it is currently not understood how temperature regulates PIF4 activity. Using a forward genetic approach in Arabidopsis thaliana, we present extensive genetic evidence demonstrating that the de-etiolated 1 (DET1)-constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1)-elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5)-dependent photomorphogenesis pathway transcriptionally regulates PIF4 to coordinate seedling growth in response to elevated temperature. Our findings demonstrate that two of the most prevalent environmental cues, light and temperature, share a much larger set of signaling components than previously assumed. Similar to the toolbox concept in animal embryonic patterning, multipurpose signaling modules might have evolved in plants to translate various environmental stimuli into adaptational growth processes.
Background and aims Several studies have found that brief interventions (BIs) for drug misuse have superior effectiveness to no-treatment controls. However, many health centers do not provide BIs for drug use consistently due to insufficient behavioral health staff capacity. Computerized BIs for drug use are a promising approach, but their effectiveness compared with in-person BIs has not been established. This study compared the effectiveness of a computerized brief intervention (CBI) to an in-person brief intervention (IBI) delivered by a behavioral health counselor. Methods Two-arm randomized clinical trial, conducted in two health centers in New Mexico, USA. Participants were 360 adult primary care patients with moderate-risk drug scores on the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) who were randomly assigned on a 1:1 basis to a computerized brief intervention (CBI) or to an in-person brief intervention (IBI) delivered by a behavioral health counselor. Assessments were conducted at baseline and 3-month follow-up, and included the ASSIST and drug testing on hair samples. Results The IBI and CBI conditions did not differ at 3 months on global ASSIST drug scores (b=−1.79; 95% CI=−4.37,0.80) or drug-positive hair tests (OR=.97; 95% CI= 0.47,2.02). There was a statistically significant advantage of CBI over IBI in substance-specific ASSIST scores for marijuana (b=−1.73; 95% CI= −2.91,−0.55; Cohen’s d=.26; p=.004) and cocaine (b= −4.48; 95% CI= −8.26,−0.71; Cohen’s d=.50; p=.021) at 3 months. Conclusions Computerized brief intervention can be an effective alternative to in-person brief intervention for addressing moderate drug use in primary care.
BackgroundGlobal increase in ambient temperatures constitute a significant challenge to wild and cultivated plant species. Forward genetic analyses of individual temperature-responsive traits have resulted in the identification of several signaling and response components. However, a comprehensive knowledge about temperature sensitivity of different developmental stages and the contribution of natural variation is still scarce and fragmented at best.ResultsHere, we systematically analyze thermomorphogenesis throughout a complete life cycle in ten natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown under long day conditions in four different temperatures ranging from 16 to 28 °C. We used Q10, GxE, phenotypic divergence and correlation analyses to assess temperature sensitivity and genotype effects of more than 30 morphometric and developmental traits representing five phenotype classes. We found that genotype and temperature differentially affected plant growth and development with variing strengths. Furthermore, overall correlations among phenotypic temperature responses was relatively low which seems to be caused by differential capacities for temperature adaptations of individual accessions.ConclusionGenotype-specific temperature responses may be attractive targets for future forward genetic approaches and accession-specific thermomorphogenesis maps may aid the assessment of functional relevance of known and novel regulatory components.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-017-1068-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
In the first phase of a two-part treatment development study, families with a treatment-resistant, drugabusing adolescent (n=42) were offered 12 sessions of Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT). This parent-focused intervention was designed to help parents facilitate their adolescents' entry in treatment and support adolescents' subsequent behavior change and to improve parent and family functioning. In the second phase, successfully engaged adolescents (n=30) were offered 12 sessions of a multicomponent individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) targeting substance use and related problem behaviors. Measures were collected at pre-and post-treatment for parents and adolescents, with an additional follow-up assessment for parents at 3-months posttreatment. Parents in the CRAFT intervention experienced a significant reduction in negative symptoms and 71% of parents were successful in engaging their resistant youth in treatment. The CBT intervention for the engaged youth was associated with a statistically significant, but not clinically significant, reduction in marijuana use.
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