Epidemiology and public health research relating to solar ultraviolet (UV) exposure usually relies on dosimetry to measure UV doses received by individuals. However, measurement errors affect each dosimetry measurement by unknown amounts, complicating the analysis of such measurements and their relationship to the underlying population exposure and the associated health outcomes. This paper presents a new approach to estimate UV doses without the use of dosimeters. By combining new satellite-derived UV data to account for environmental factors and simulation-based exposure ratio (ER) modelling to account for individual factors, we are able to estimate doses for specific exposure periods. This is a significant step forward for alternative dosimetry techniques which have previously been limited to annual dose estimation. We compare our dose estimates with dosimeter measurements from skiers and builders in Switzerland. The dosimetry measurements are expected to be slightly below the true doses due to a variety of dosimeter-related measurement errors, mostly explaining why our estimates are greater than or equal to the corresponding dosimetry measurements. Our approach holds much promise as a low-cost way to either complement or substitute traditional dosimetry. It can be applied in a research context, but is also fundamentally well-suited to be used as the basis for a dose-estimating mobile app that does not require an external device.
Interlocked molecules
exhibit structural isomerization that is
different from that of molecules whose connectedness is solely through
covalent bonds. A mechanical bond, or the interlocking of components,
provides a rich conformational landscape. The ability of synthetic
chemists to design directional motion between these mechanical conformers
suggests mechanical bonds as building blocks in the design of synthetic
molecular motors and machines. Here we examine the complexity of mechanical
conformers of radial catenanes with n anisotropically
repulsive rings (coined “keyrings”) threaded onto a
single central ring for n ≤ 10. For a given
number of rings, n, the ratio of the key length to
the main ring radius, λ, determines the mechanical conformer.
We show that this system displays symmetrical in-plane conformers
for short keys and co-conformers of lower symmetry where the keys
lie out of the plane for longer keys.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.