This paper presents a means to modify the attributes of okara fiber using ultrasonic and high-speed shearing treatment. The results of scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry reveal that the modified okara fiber demonstrates small particle size and high thermal stability. When the 500 W–15,000 rpm combination is used for okara-fiber treatment, the latter exhibits excellent swelling (SC) as well as water- and oil-holding capacities. When 6% of modified okara fiber is added to the dough, the resulting cookies demonstrate the best printing performance. Subsequently, the printing parameters can be optimized to obtain the best filling rate of 30%. The corresponding nozzle diameter and printing speed equal 0.8 mm and 50 mm/s, respectively. Finally, the 3D-printed cookies containing okara fiber are compared against those commonly available in the market via sensory evaluation. As observed, the 3D-printed cookies were more acceptable to people. Therefore, the addition of the okara dietary fiber to the cookie dough not only improves the okara utilization rate but also increases the dietary-fiber content in the cookie, thereby alleviating the occurrence of obesity in modern society.
The solubility of antofloxacin hydrochloride in deep eutectic solvent (DES) aqueous solutions between choline chloride (ChCl) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTS), (ethanol + water), and (ethanol + acetonitrile) cosolvent mixtures were investigated by means of the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method at 273.15− 318.15 K under pressure condition of 101.3 kPa. Experimental solubility was strongly increased more than about 560-fold in aqueous ChCl/PTS system with the increasing temperature and mass fraction of DES, and it is 404 times in ethanol + water and 60 times in ethanol + acetonitrile. The solubility maximum 0.01226 (318.15 K, in mole fraction) was obtained in w DES = 0.6 of the aqueous ChCl/PTS DES. X-ray power diffraction (XPRD) was employed to examine the equilibrium solid phase samples of antofloxacin hydrochloride in three systems resulting in no polymorphic transformation, solvate formation or crystal transition compared to the raw sample. The modified Apelblat equation was exclusively used to correlate the equilibrium solubility. Results show that the highest relative average deviation (RAD) and root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) were 2.35 × 10 −2 and 3.45 × 10 −5 , respectively. The modified Apelblat equation could be used to correlate the results. Data obtained elucidated that ChCl/PTS DES is an effective additive for enhancing the antofloxacin hydrochloride solubility.
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